Ukuba uyazibuza ukuba yintoni na uphononongo lwe Arduino UNO (R3, R4…) kwaye zahluke njani, ufike kwindawo elungileyo. Kule minyaka yangoku, eyona bhodi yeArduino eneempawu Ivele yavela ngelixa igcina umoya wayo wokulula, kodwa yongeza uphuculo oluvula umnyango kwiiprojekthi ezinamabhongo ngaphandle kokwaphula ukuhambelana noko sele kukho.
Ukongeza kokuhlalutya utshintsho phakathi kwe-R3 kunye ne-R4, siza kuthatha ithuba lokusombulula umbuzo oqhelekileyo: yintoni eyona nto ingcono ukuthenga iprojekthi ethile, umzekelo, esweni umgangatho womoya othumela idatha ngeBluetooth kwiselula yakho? Uya kubona ukuba amandla akrwada ayisiyiyo yonke into: ukhetho luxhomekeke kunxibelelwano, inkqubo yendalo, kwaye, kutheni kungenjalo, ipokotho yakho.
Yintoni "uphononongo" lwe Arduino UNO kwaye kutheni zikhona
Kwilizwe le-Arduino, uhlaziyo (R2, R3, R4…) luphindaphindo lwebhodi enye eyazisayo. ihardware kunye/okanye utshintsho lwesoftware Ukugcina, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ifomathi kunye nokuziphatha ngokubanzi. Injongo icacile: ukuphucula ukusebenza, kodwa ngaphandle kokushiya abo sele beneeprojekthi kunye nezihlangu ezihamba ngasemva.
Ngaloo ndlela, i-Arduino igcinwe kwi-UNO R4 i ifom ye-classic factor, i-pinout kunye nokusebenza kwe-5V uphawu losapho lwe-UNO. Oku kuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwamakhaka, izikhokelo, kunye nezikhwelo, ukunciphisa ingxabano kubafundi, abafundisi-ntsapho, kunye nabenzi abasele bephuma kwi-ecosystem ye-R3.
Esi sicwangciso siqondwa ngcono ukuba sikhumbula imvelaphi yeprojekthi: yazalelwa eItali njengesisombululo iyafikeleleka imfundo xa ezinye iindlela ezifana nesitampu ESISISEKO zazimalunga ne-100 yeedola. Ukususela ngo-2005, ngenxa yendalo ye-hardware evulekileyo yenkqubo, iinguqulelo ezisemthethweni kunye nezingekho mthethweni ziye zavela, zizisa i-electronics kubaphulaphuli abaninzi.
Arduino UNO I-R3: isiseko apho isiqingatha sehlabathi safunda kuso
Uhlaziyo lwe-R3 ibe lisango kumawaka eeprojekthi zamakhaya nezemfundo kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi. Intliziyo yayo a I-8-bit ATmega328P kwi-16 MHz, uyilo lwe-AVR RISC oludume kakhulu ngenxa yobulula balo kunye nokunyuka kwemizekelo kunye namathala eencwadi akhoyo.
Kwinkumbulo, i-UNO R3 inikezela 2 KB I-SRAM y 32 KB Flash, amanani athozamileyo namhlanje, kodwa anele ubuninzi beprototypes: ukusuka kwisikali esidityanisiweyo ukufikelela kwiinkqubo ezinezinzwa zebhayometriki okanye nokuba Iirobhothi zodidi lwe-BB8 Iphefumlelwe yi-Star Wars. Amandla ayo alele kwi-ikhosistim, amaxwebhu, kunye nenani lezikhuselo ezihambelanayo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwipinout, i-R3 yandisa uyilo oluye lwakumgangatho oqhelekileyo kwizikhuselo kunye neebhodi zokwandiswa. Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba, nangona i-pin ye-logic yemephu iyafana, i "imephu yangaphakathi" ye-microcontroller (iirejista, amazibuko) yeyendalo yonke ye-AVR, into efanelekileyo ukuba wenza ubuqhetseba obukwinqanaba elisezantsi.
Arduino UNO I-R4 (i-Minima ne-WiFi): Utshintsho lweligi ngamasuntswana angama-32
Uhlaziyo lwe-R4 lumele ukutsiba kokuvelisa. Iya kwiprosesa ye-32-bit, I-Renesas RA4M1 (i-Arm Cortex-M4) kwi-48 MHz, okwandisa ukusebenza xa kuthelekiswa ne-ATmega endala ye-8-bit. Olu lwakhiwo lwale mihla luvula ucango lokubalo oluntsonkothileyo, ulawulo oluchanekileyo, kunye nojongano olutsha lweperipheral.
Ukwanda kwememori kuyabonakala: ukusuka kwi-2 KB ukuya 32 KB I-SRAM (amaxesha alishumi elinesithandathu ngaphezulu) kwaye ukusuka kwi-32 KB yeprogram ukuya 256 KB Flash, ivumela imizobo emikhulu kakhulu kunye namathala eencwadi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Kwiiprojekthi ezininzi ebezisilela kwi-R3, esi sisiqabu esamkelekileyo.
Kukho kwakhona iimpawu ezintsha kuqhagamshelwano kunye namandla. UNO R4 uyayamkela USB-C kwaye ixhasa unikezelo lwamandla ngegalelo elibanzi lombane (ubuninzi be-24 V bubonakalisiwe ngezibuko), ukuphucula ukomelela kunye nokuziqhelanisa nemigangatho yangoku ngaphandle kokulahla ukusebenza kwe-5 V ngokophawu loluhlu.
IArduino ibonelela ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: UNO R4 Minima, eyilwe njengesiseko sezoqoqosho ngaphandle kwerediyo edibeneyo, kunye UNO R4 WiFi, ebandakanya a Imodyuli ye-Espressif S3 engenazingcingo ngeWi-Fi kunye neBluetooth Low Energy. Olu khetho lwesibini luququzelela iiprojekthi ze-IoT kunye neeapps eziphathwayo ngaphandle kweemodyuli zangaphandle.
Ukongeza, i-R4 yongeza iiperipherals ebezingekho kwi-R3: I-12-bit DAC, i-CAN ibhasi, i-op-amp edibeneyo kunye ne-SWD port ukulungisa ingxaki. Ikwanika amandla Imowudi ye-USB HID nge-USB, iluncedo kakhulu kujongano lolwakhiwo oluziphatha njengebhodi yezitshixo/iimpuku okanye izixhobo zongeniso zesiko ezinemigca embalwa nje yekhowudi.
Inguqulo ye-WiFi, inxalenye yayo, yongeza a I-12 × 8 i-matrix ye-LED ilungele impendulo ekhawulezayo, isinxibelelanisi Qwiic kwi-agile prototyping nge-I2C kunye nendlela yokukhusela efumanisa imisebenzi enokuthi ukuphunyezwa kwebhloko (umzekelo, ulwahlulo ngo-zero): Kule meko, ipleyiti "iyamisa" kwaye ithumela ingxelo enceda ukuxilongwa.
Xa yabhengezwa, uArduino wachaza ukuba ukukhululwa kuya kwenzeka ukuphela kukaMeyi kwaye ixabiso liya kuba malunga nelo le-R3. Kamva, kwivenkile esemthethweni, amaxabiso akhuphisana kakhulu abonwa: UNO R4 Minima ye-€18 y I-UNO R4 WiFi ye-€25Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, i-R3 ayipheli kwikhathalogu; iya kuhlala ithengiswa kwabo bayithandayo okanye abayidingayo ukuze ihambelane ngokungqongqo.
I-Hardware kunye nokuhambelana kwesoftware: ukuqhubeka kunye neenuances
Enye yeenjongo eziphambili ze-R4 ibe kukugcina i- ifom factor, ipinout kunye ne-5V yokukala ukuze ungaphuli ukuhambelana nezihlangu ezikhoyo kunye neeprojekthi ezibonakalayo. Ukuba uneebhodi zokwandisa ezenzelwe i-UNO, iqhelekile loo nto kufanelekile nakwi-R4.
Kwicala lesoftware, iArduino isebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ikhowudi ekhoyo kunye nezifundo zihlala ziluncedo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-AVR ukuya kwi-Arm Cortex-M4 kuthetha ukuba amathala eencwadi angqale kwihardware (okanye amaqhinga okusebenzisa irejista) anokufuna. i-tweaks kunye ne-optimizationsUkuba umzobo wakho usebenzisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yeArduino, ukufuduka kuhlala kuthe ngqo.
Kulabo baqhuba inkqubo yezinga eliphantsi, kubalulekile ukuphonononga iileya ze-HAL/LL zeRA4M1 kwaye uqonde ukuba ixesha kunye ne-latency Batshintsha xa kuthelekiswa ne-AVR. Akukho "ngcono" okanye "kubi" ngeseshini nganye; yahluke ngokulula kwaye inamandla ngakumbi, ngoko luluvo oluhle ukuthembela kumathala eencwadi agciniweyo kunye nemizekelo esemthethweni.
I-pinout kunye ne-pin mapping: kufuneka ujonge ntoni xa ufuduka
Kwiimathiriyeli zamva nje uya kubona iireferensi kuzo "Arduino UNO R4 Minima Pinout” nakwiklasikhi “Ukuphuma kwe Arduino UNO iR3”Ngaphandle kwe "ATmega328 microcontroller pin imephu" Kwabo batsha kwi-AVR. Ezi zikhokelo zibalulekile xa ususa iprojekthi ukusuka kwi-R3 ukuya kwi-R4.
Indawo (indawo yentloko kunye nenombolo yephini) igcinwe nge-R4, kodwa i isabelo sangaphakathi kwiiperipherals utshintsho kuba i-microcontroller yahlukile. Ukuba kwi-R3 usebenzise ufikelelo oluthe ngqo kwi-PORTx/DDR/PIN iirejista, kwi-R4 kuya kufuneka uphinde ucinge ngayo okanye unamathele umaleko wokuthatha ukusuka eArduino ukuphepha ukothuka.
Njengomthetho wesithupha:
- Ukuba iprojekthi yakho isebenzisa idijithaliBhala/i-analogRead kunye namathala eencwadi aqhelekileyo, ukufudukela kwi-R4 kuya kuba lula.
- Ukuba ububetha kancinci okanye uyalawula ishedyuli tight kakhulu, uvavanyo kunye neprofayili, kuba i-frequency kunye nezibali ziyatshintsha.
- Ukuba utsala iiperipheral ezintsha (umzekelo, I-12-bit DAC okanye i-CAN), bathembele kwimizekelo esemthethweni ye-R4.
I-R3 okanye i-R4 yokuhlola umgangatho womoya ngeBluetooth
Makhe siqwalasele imeko yokwenyani: ufuna ukudibanisa imitha yomgangatho womoya we-DIY othumela idatha kwifowuni yakho ephathekayo nge BluetoothKulapho ukukhetha ngobulumko kongela ixesha kunye nezixhobo ezongezelelweyo.
Con Arduino UNO R3 Awunanomathotholo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi. KwiBluetooth, kufuneka ungeze imodyuli yangaphandle (umzekelo, i-HM-10 ye-BLE okanye i-HC-05/06 yeBluetooth yakudala). Iyenzeka kwaye ayibizi, kodwa kuya kufuneka uyilawule iingcingo, umbane kunye namathala eencwadi yemodyuli, kunye ne-R3 RAM (2 KB) inokuba mfutshane ukuba udibanisa abenzi boluvo abaninzi kunye noqhubekeko.
Con Arduino UNO I-R4 encinci nawe awunaye unomathotholo owakhelwe ngaphakathi. Inzuzo kukuba ukutsiba ukuya 32 bits kunye 32 KB I-SRAM Bakunika indawo yokubala (i-avareji ezihambayo, izihluzi, i-offsets) kunye nokuphatha abenzi boluvo abaninzi "bencoko" ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kodwa uya kufuna imodyuli yangaphandle ye-BLE ukuthumela idatha kwiselula.
Con Arduino UNO I-WiFi ye-R4 into yenziwe lula: yizisa I-WiFi kunye neBluetooth yaMandla aphantsi njengombulelo oqhelekileyo kwimodyuli ye-Espressif S3, ukuze ukwazi ukupapasha ufundo nge-BLE okanye uzilayishe nge-WiFi ngaphandle kwehardware eyongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, encinci I-12 × 8 i-matrix ye-LED Ikuvumela ukuba ubonise i-icon okanye inqanaba le-CO₂/PM ngaphandle kweziboniso zangaphandle.
Yintoni onokuyicebisa? Ukuba imfuno yakho ewe okanye ewe edityanisiweyo BluetoothEyona ndlela icacileyo necocekileyo yi-UNO R4 WiFi. Ukuba ubeka phambili uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwaye ungaphumelela ngemodyuli yangaphandle ye-BLE, i-R4 Minima ibonelela ngamandla ekhompyutha ngemali encinci. I-R3 iseyinketho elungileyo, kodwa uya kuba nenkumbulo encinci kwaye kufuneka ube ngqongqo ngakumbi ngamathala eencwadi.
Kwizinzwa eziqhelekileyo zomgangatho womoya (PM, VOC, ubushushu / ukufuma / uxinzelelo), indibaniselwano ezifana PMS7003/5003 ngamasuntswana ane I-BME280 okanye i-SHT31 kwi-ambient kunye ne-volatile compound sensor (umzekelo, CCS811 okanye SGP30) sebenza kakuhle. Kwi-BLE, chaza ukuhanjiswa kwamaxesha athile kunye nezakhelo ezibambeneyo ukuthintela ukugcwala; kwaye ukuba usebenzisa i-WiFi, qwalasela i-MQTT okanye i-HTTP elula. I-R4 yenza kube lula ukubulela kuyo I-Flash enkulu kunye ne-SRAM.
Ukusebenza, ukusetyenziswa kunye namava ophuhliso
Ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-8 ukuya kwi-32 bits nge-Cortex-M4 kwi-48 MHz iguqulela ku imiyalelo engaphezulu kumjikelo ngamnye, imisebenzi yemveli 32-bit kunye nokuphathwa kokuphazamiseka okuphuculweyo kunye neeperipherals ze-DMA, ezinciphisa imithwalo ye-CPU kwi-I / O kunye nemisebenzi yokucubungula.
Kumava ophuhliso, ukufumaneka kwe SWD yokulungisa ingxaki Kwi-R4 yenza umahluko ukuba ufuna ukwenza umtsi kumgangatho: i-breakpoints, ukuhlolwa kwememori, ukulandelela ... Ezi zixhobo ebezingafikeleleki ngaphambili kwi-R3 ngaphandle kwe-hardware eyongezelelweyo.
Kunini ukwenza ingqondo ukuqhubeka ne-R3?
Ukuba sele unesiseko esiluqilima kwi AVR/ATmega328P, iiprojekthi zakho zihamba kakuhle kwi-2KB ye-RAM kwaye uxhomekeke kumathala eencwadi angqale kakhulu kule ecosystem, i-R3 iya kuqhubeka ukuba lihashe elithembekileyo. UArduino ukuqinisekisile oko ayiyi kuyiyeka, ngoko ke kusekho indlela eninzi ekufuneka ihanjwe.
Kwakhona luncedo ekuqeqesheni xa ufuna ukuchaza i-8-bit architecture kunye iikhonsepthi zomgangatho ophantsi ibotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo kwi-AVR. Kwaye, ewe, ukuba unomkhosi wamakhaka kunye neetemplates eziyilelwe ngokungqongqo i-R3, akukho kungxama ukufuduka.
Kuyo yonke enye into, i-R4 ibonelela ngobudlelwane inzuzo/ixabiso kunzima kakhulu ukungayihoyi, ngakumbi kwi-Minima, kunye nesisombululo esisodwa sokumisa ukuba ukhetha i-WiFi nge-BLE ifakiwe.
Ukujonga kuyo yonke into, usapho lwe-UNO luyayazi indlela yokuphucula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngundoqo: nge R3 Usenayo ibhombu elula kunye nokuhambelana, kunye ne R4 Ufumana amandla, inkumbulo, kunye nezakhono ezitsha ezifana ne-DAC, i-CAN, i-HID, kunye noqhagamshelo ozikhethelayo, ngelixa ugcina i-classic form factor kunye nekhaka le-ecosystem. Ukuba iprojekthi yakho imitha yomgangatho womoya ngeBluetooth, indlela ethe ngqo yi-UNO R4 WiFi; ukuba ukhetha ukunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho, i-UNO R4 Minima kunye nemodyuli ye-BLE iya kukunika i-headroom eninzi yokubala, kwaye i-R3 isasebenza ukuba ulawula ukusetyenziswa kwememori kwaye uyavuma ukongeza unomathotholo wangaphandle.
