I-MOSFET: yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nolu hlobo lwe-transistor

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba. Ezi zixhobo ze-elektroniki zibaluleke kakhulu kubuchwephesha banamhlanje, kwaye zimele impumelelo yokuhamba ukusuka kwi-elektroniki esekwe kwityhubhu ukuya kwi-elektroniki esekwe kurhulumente, ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuthembekileyo kunye nokuncinci. Inyaniso, UMOSFET Zisetyenziswa kwiitshiphusi ezininzi okanye kwiisekethi ezihlanganisiweyo, nangona ungazifumana kwiibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo kwezinye izinto ezininzi.

Ewe, kunjani? Isixhobo esibalulekileyo semiconductor, Ndiza kubonisa yonke into oyifunayo malunga nalo msebenzi wesayensi kunye nobunjineli esivumela ukuba senze iziphaluka ezininzi kwaye eziphucule ubomi bethu ngeendlela ezininzi.

Yintoni i-transistor?

Igama I-transistor ivela kwi-transfer-resistor, kwaye yaqanjwa ngo-1951, nangona eYurophu kwakusele kukho amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye nophuhliso ngaphambi kokuba amaMelika azise uyilo lokuqala, nangona eli lelinye ibali ... Ngelo xesha babefuna isixhobo esisekwe kurhulumente oqinileyo, semiconductor, ukuba inokuthi ithathe indawo yeevalvu ezingcolileyo nezingathembekanga ezenza iikhompyuter kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki zelo xesha.

Las kwemithambo okanye iityhubhu cleaner Inokwakhiwa okufanayo kwiibhalbhu eziqhelekileyo, kwaye ke nayo iyatshiswa. Kwakufuneka zitshintshwe rhoqo ukugcina oomatshini beqhuba. Ukongeza, yayifudunyezwa, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba bachitha amandla amakhulu ngendlela yobushushu ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwabo kakuhle. Ke ngoko, bezingasebenzi kwaphela kwaye bezidinga kakhulu ukutshintshwa.

Ewe, kwi IiLebhu zeBell ze-AT & T, uWilliam Shockley, uJohn Bardeen kunye noWalter Brattain behle baya kusebenza ekwenzeni eso sixhobo semiconductor. Inyaniso kukuba babenzima ukufumana isitshixo. Le projekthi yagcinwa iyimfihlo kuba kwakusaziwa ukuba into efanayo iyaqhubeka eYurophu. Kodwa iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yawela, kwaye abalinganiswa abaphambili kwafuneka baye edabini. Endleleni ebuyayo, ngokufihlakeleyo babesifumene isisombululo.

El prototype yokuqala ziyile zazingaxabisekanga, kwaye zazisa iingxaki zoyilo. Phakathi kwazo, kwakunzima kwaye kunzima ukwenza uthotho. Ukongeza, ibisebenzisa iinxalenye zegolide ezenza ukuba zibize kakhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha incam iyekile ukunxibelelana nekristale ye-semiconductor, ke iyekile ukusebenza kwaye kwafuneka inyanzelwe ukuba iphinde inxibelelane. Inyani yile yokuba kuncinci okusonjululwe ngolu hlobo, kodwa kancinci kancinci baphuculwa kwavela iintlobo ezintsha.

Sele benento yecomputer ye imeko eqinileyo kwaye incinci ukunciphisa ubungakanani beeradiyo, iialam, iimoto, iikhompyuter, oomabonakude, njl.

Icandelo kunye nokusebenza

I-transistor yenziwe ngezikhonkwane ezintathu okanye abafowunelwa, abathi emva koko banxibelelane nabo imimandla emithathu Umahluko phakathi kweesemondondors. Kwiibipolars ezi ndawo zibizwa ngokuba yi-emitter, base kunye nomqokeleli. Kwelinye icala, kwii-unipolar, ezinje nge-MOSFET, zihlala zibizwa ngokuba ngumthombo, isango kunye nomsele. Kuya kufuneka ufunde iidathasethi okanye iikhathalogu kakuhle ukuze wazi ukuba izikhonkwane zazo zichanekile njani kwaye ungazibhidanisi, kuba ukusebenza kuya kuxhomekeka kuyo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

2N2222 transistor: yonke into ekufuneka uyazi

La umnyango okanye isiseko Isebenza ngokungathi kukutshintsha, ukuvula okanye ukuvala indlela yangoku phakathi kwezinye iziphelo ezibini. Le yindlela esebenza ngayo. Kwaye ngokusekwe koku, inokusetyenziselwa imisebenzi emibini esisiseko:

• Umsebenzi 1Inokusebenza ukudlula okanye ukusika imiqondiso yombane, oko kukuthi, njengokutshintsha kwezinto zombane zedijithali. Oku kubalulekile kwinkqubo yokubini okanye yedijithali, kuba ngokulawula isango (nge-0 okanye ngo-1), unokufumana ixabiso elinye okanye elinye kwimveliso yalo (0/1). Ngale ndlela kungenziwa amasango enengqondo.
• Umsebenzi 2: inokusetyenziselwa izinto ze-elektroniki, njengezixhobo zokukhulisa umqondiso. Ukuba ubuncinci obuncinci bufikelela kwisiseko, bunokuguqulwa bube bukhulu phakathi komqokeleli kunye ne-emitter enokusetyenziselwa ukuphuma kwayo.

Iindidi zeetransistors

Nje ukuba umsebenzi osisiseko kunye nembali yawo ubonwe, ekuhambeni kwexesha ziye zaphuculwa kwaye zenziwa ii-transistors ezilungiselelwe uhlobo oluthile lwesicelo, zivelisa bonke ezi ntsapho zimbini zineentlobo ezininzi:

Khumbula ukuba indawo ye-N luhlobo lwe-semiconductor edityaniswe nezinto ezingafunekiyo zabanikeli, oko kukuthi, iikhompawundi ze-pentavalent (phosphorus, arsenic, ...). Oku kuyabavumela ukuba bayeke ii-elektroni (-), kuba uninzi lwezinto eziphetheyo zii-elektroni, ngelixa ezona zimbalwa ziyimingxunya (+). Kwimeko yendawo ye-P, ichasene, uninzi luya kuba yimingxunya (+), yiyo loo nto ibizwa njalo. Oko kukuthi, baya kutsala ii-elektroni. Ukufezekisa oku, kudityaniswa nokunye ukungcola okwamkelekileyo, oko kukuthi, trivalents (ialuminium, indium, gallium, ...). Ngokwesiqhelo isiseko semiconductor sihlala sisilicon okanye igermanium, nangona zikho ezinye iintlobo. Izinto zokulahla zihlala ziidosi eziphantsi kakhulu, ngokomyalelo we-atom enye yobumdaka kwii-athomu ezingama-100.000.000 ze-semiconductor. Ngamanye amaxesha, indawo ezinzima okanye ezinedopu enje nge-P + okanye i-N + zinokwenza, ezine-atom engcolileyo kwi-1 nganye.

• I-BJT (iBipolar Junction Transistor): yi-bipolar transistor, eyona ixhaphakileyo. Okwangoku isiseko kufuneka sitofelwe kule nto ukuze silawule umqokeleli wangoku. Ngaphakathi zimbini iintlobo:
  • I-NPN: Njengoko igama layo libonisa, inendawo ye-semiconductor eyenzelwe ukuba ibe luhlobo N ukuze isebenze njenge-emitter, enye engumbindi weP njengesiseko, kunye nomnye umqokeleli wohlobo N.
  • PNP: kule meko yenye indlela ejikelezileyo, isiseko siya kuba luhlobo N, kwaye ezimbini ezishiyekileyo zohlobo P. Eziza kuyitshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela esebenza ngayo ngombane kunye nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
• I-FET (Isiphumo seTransistor yeSiphumo): Isiphumo sokudlula kwentsimi, kwaye umahluko wayo ophawuleka kakhulu ovela kwi-BJT yindlela esebenza ngayo kunye nesiphelo sayo solawulo. Kule meko, ulawulo lwenziwa ngokufaka umbane phakathi kwesango kunye nomthombo. Ngaphakathi kolu hlobo kukho iindidi ezithile:
  • JFET: ezo zidibaniso ze-FET ziyaphelelwa, kwaye zinomjelo okanye indawo ye-semiconductor enokuba yeyodidi olunye okanye enye. Ngokutsho koko, banokuba ngokulandelelana:
    • Isikhululo N.
    • Ukusuka kwisiteshi P.
  • UMOSFETIsichazi sayo sivela kwi-Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET, ebizwa njalo ngenxa yokuba umaleko omncinci we-silicon dioxide usetyenziswa phantsi konxibelelwano lomnyango ukuvelisa umhlaba ofunekayo onokuhamba kuwo ngoku ngejelo lawo ukuze kubekho ukuhamba phakathi mthombo kunye nomnikeli. Ijelo linokuba luhlobo P, ke kuya kubakho amaqula amabini uN okuhambisa amanzi kunye nomthombo; okanye uhlobo lwe-N, olunemithombo emibini yohlobo lwe-P yomthombo kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Zahluke ngandlela zingentla, kule meko unokuba nazo:
    • Ukudakumba okanye ukudinwa:
      • Isikhululo N.
      • Ukusuka kwisiteshi P.
    • Ukuphucula okanye ukuphucula:
      • Isikhululo N.
      • Ukusuka kwisiteshi P.
    • Abanye: i-TFT, i-CMOS, ...
• Abanye

Las Umahluko usekwe kuyilo lwangaphakathi lwemimandla yeesemiconductor ngamnye…

UMOSFET

Un UMOSFET ikuvumela ukuba uphathe imithwalo emikhulu, enokuba luncedo kwiisekethe ezithile kunye neArduino yakho, njengoko uza kubona kamva. Ngapha koko, izibonelelo zayo zenza ukuba ziluncedo kakhulu kwizinto zombane zale mihla. Inokusebenza njengesikhulisi okanye iswitshi elawulwa ngombane. Kuhlobo ngalunye lwe-MOSFET oyithengayo, sele uyazi ukuba kuya kufuneka ufunde iphepha ledatha ukuze ubone iipropathi, kuba azifani.

Umahluko phakathi kwe Ijelo N kunye noP :

• Ijelo PUkwenza i-P isebenze ukuze kudlule okwangoku, kusetyenziswa i-voltage engalunganga esangweni. Umthombo kufuneka uqhagamshelwe kumbane ombane olungileyo. Qaphela ukuba ijelo elikuyo isango lilungile, ngelixa imithombo yamanzi kunye nomthombo imbi. Ngale ndlela okwangoku "kutyhalwa" ngejelo.
• Isitayile N: Kule meko, kusetyenziswa umbane olungileyo esangweni.

yakhe izinto ezingabizi kakhulu, ke unokuthenga izinto ezimbalwa kuzo ngaphandle kweendleko ezinkulu. Umzekelo, Nazi ezinye iintengiso onokuzithenga kwiivenkile ezikhethekileyo:

• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo.
• N Isiteshi seMOSFET transistors.
• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo.
• Ubushushu.

Ukuba uza kuyisebenzisela amandla aphezulu kuya kushushu, ke kuya kuba kuhle ukusebenzisa heatsink ukuyipholisa kancinci…

Umdibaniso neArduino

IMOSFET inokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni imiqondiso kunye neyakho ibhodi ye-arduino, ke, inokusebenza ngendlela efanayo kwindlela i imodyuli edlulisiweyo, Ukuba uyakhumbula. Ngapha koko, iimodyuli ze-MOSFET zikwathengiswa ngeArduino, njengoko kunjalo nge Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo, yenye yezona zidumileyo. Ngezi modyuli sele unetransistor efakwe kwi-PCB encinci kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela onokuyisebenzisa kunye neArduino, kukwakho nezinye eziqhelekileyo ezinje nge IRF520, IRF540, evumela imisinga yesiqhelo ye-9.2 kunye ne-28A ngokwahlukeneyo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-14A ye-IRF530.

Zininzi iimodeli zeMOSFET ezikhoyo kodwa ayizizo zonke izinto ezicetyiswayo ukuba zisebenzise ngokuthe ngqo kunye neprosesa efana neArduino ngenxa yesithintelo sevolthi kunye nokuqina kwiziphumo zayo.

Ukuba usebenzisa imodyuli ye-IRF530N, ukubeka Umzekelo, ungadibanisa isinxibelelanisi esiphawulwe nge-SIG ebhodini ngesinye sezikhonkwane ebhodini Arduino UNO, ezinje nge-D9. Emva koko qhagamshela i-GND kunye ne-Vcc kwezi zihambelana kwibhodi yeArduino, njenge-GND kunye ne-5v kule meko ukuyinika amandla.

Ngokuphathelele código Ukulula okuya kulawula esi sikimu silula kuya kuba koku kulandelayo, into eyenzayo kukuvumela umthwalo wokuphuma udlule okanye hayi yonke imizuzwana emi-5 (kwimeko yesikimu sethu iya kuba yimoto, kodwa inokuba yiyo nantoni na oyifunayo .. .):

onst int pin = 9;    //Pin donde está conectado el MOSFET
 
void setup() {
  pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);  //Definir como salida para controlar el MOSFET
}
 
void loop(){
  digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);   // Lo pone en HIGH
  delay(5000);               // Espera 5 segundos o 5000ms
  digitalWrite(pin, LOW);    // Lo pone en LOW
  delay(5000);               // Espera otros 5s antes de repetir el bucle
}