Ikhadi leSIM vs iMagnetic Strip Card: Indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nendlela eyahluke ngayo

ikhadi s

Yonke imihla siqhele ukusebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala okanye ebhanki, kunye neeSIM khadi kwizixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, la makhadi anemagnethi okanye i-chip ayaziwa ngokwendlela asebenza ngayo. Apha siza kwenza intshayelelo kwisihloko ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngala makhadi.

Ukongeza, uya kufunda ukuba ungasebenzisa la makhadi kwiiprojekthi zakho, ezinje ngeeprojekthi ze-IoT, abafundi bamakhadi abaneArduino, nokunye okuninzi...

Lisebenza njani ikhadi lomgca wemagnethi (ikhadi letyala/lebhanki, abanye)

ikhadi lomgca wemagnethi

Isekhona amakhadi ngomgca magnetic, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe iya isiba yintsika yexesha elidlulileyo. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, akukho nto ingaphaya kweplastiki okanye ikhadi lephepha, elimalunga nobukhulu besandla sakho, elinomgca omnyama ngasemva. Laa ndawo imnyama ngumcu wemagnethi, apho ulwazi lwakho, olufana negama lakho, inombolo yeakhawunti kunye nomhla wokuphelelwa lixesha, lufakwe kumasuntswana entsimbi ngaphakathi komtya kusetyenziswa umazibuthe. Yiyo loo nto bezibuthathaka kwaye awunakubashiya kufutshane nemithombo eyomeleleyo ye-electromagnetic okanye awungekhe uyonakalisa loo ndawo ngemikrwelo, ukunxiba, njl., kuba ulwazi luya kulahleka kwaye bayeke ukusebenza ...

Xa uswayipha ikhadi lakho kwi-reader (efana nerejista yemali evenkileni), umfundi "uyihlalutye" ingcaciso ekuluhlu, ekunika ukufikelela okanye ukuqhuba intlawulo yakho. I ibhendi yayineengoma ezintathu (Ingoma yoku-1, iTrack yesi-2 kunye neye-3), nganye inedatha eyahlukileyo, nganye inefomathi yayo yedatha kunye nomthamo wokugcina. Intloko yomfundi ibone utshintsho kwimagnethi yale bhanti yaza yaziguqula zibe ziimpawu zombane ezinokucutshungulwa sisixhobo sombane.

Okwangoku, kukho ezininzi abavelisi bolu hlobo lwamakhadi, iinkampani ezibonelela ngeenkampani ezifana ne-American Express, i-VISA, i-MasterCard, njl., njengeenkampani ze-Zebra Technologies, i-Evolis, i-Matica Technologies, i-Nisca, kunye ne-Datacard, phakathi kwabanye.

Historia

Ingqikelelo yogcino lwedatha yemagnethi usebenzisa imicu egqunyiweyo inikwa injineli yaseJamani ngeminyaka yee-1920s, nangona kunjalo, ikhadi lomgca wemagnethi lafika ngoo-1960 injineli yaseMelika kwi-IBM ubongwe ngokuyila kwakhe, oko kukuthi, wadibanisa imbono yesiJamani kunye nekhadi leplastiki. Ibali lihamba ukuba incam yentsimbi yomfazi wakhe yasombulula ingxaki yokudibanisa umgca wemagnethi kwikhadi. Kukholelwa ukuba iAmerican Express yaba yeyokuqala ukwazisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala ngomgca wemagnethi ngo-1970.

Ngaphandle kokujongana nemingeni yokuqala, wakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela yokuncamathela ngokukhuselekileyo umgca wemagnethi kwikhadi esebenzisa ubushushu. Lo msebenzi wobuvulindlela we-IBM ubeke isiseko sokwenziwa kwamakhadi omgca wemagnethi esiwaziyo namhlanje. Ukuqala kwi-1969, intuthuko ebalulekileyo yezobuchwepheshe yenziwe eyavumela iteknoloji ukuba ibekwe emgangathweni kwaye iphunyezwe kwinqanaba elikhulu.

ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kunye nokhuseleko Amakhadi emigca yemagnethi, imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe yasekwa. Le migangatho, njenge-ISO / IEC 7810, 7811, 7812, 7813, 8583 kunye ne-4909, ichaza iimpawu ezibonakalayo zamakhadi, kuquka ubungakanani bazo, ukuguquguquka, indawo yomgca wamagnetic, iimpawu zamagnetic kunye neefomathi zedatha. Ukongezelela, imigangatho ikwachaza iimpawu zamakhadi emali, njengokwabela uluhlu lweenombolo zamakhadi kumaziko ahlukeneyo akhuphayo.

Ukuba sesichengeni

Ngelishwa, imigca yamagnetic yayinjalo Usengozini yobuqhophololo. Isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-"skimmer" sinokubekwa kwii-ATM okanye kwiimpompo zegesi, sifunde ngokuzolileyo iinkcukacha zekhadi lakho ukuze izaphuli-mthetho zenze amakhadi omgunyathi. Oku kukhangela ngokukhawuleza kubangele ilahleko enkulu yemali, njengoko usazi ngokuqinisekileyo kwimeko yakho okanye ukuba ufunde malunga neendaba.

Nangona amakhadi omgca wemagnethi anokuhlala iminyaka embalwa, zibaliwe iintsuku zakho. Iinkampani ezinkulu zamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala ziyawaphelisa ngenxa yokhuseleko lwetekhnoloji yetshiphu. Ngo-2029, i-Mastercard, umzekelo, iya kuyeka ukukhupha amakhadi amatsha omgca wamagnetic (ngaphandle kwamakhadi ahlawulwa kwangaphambili kwimimandla ethile), kunye nabanye ababoneleli benza okufanayo.

Ezi chips, ezihlala zibizwa ngokuba Iitshiphusi ze-EMV (ethiywe emva kweenkampani eziphuhlise iteknoloji), gcina ulwazi olufanayo njengemigca yemagnethi kodwa unikeze ukhuseleko olungcono kakhulu. Yicinge njengophuculo olusuka kwisitshixo esilula ukuya kwinkqubo yokhuseleko oluphezulu, ngaphandle kokuba sengozini kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-skimming.

Ngelixa iitshiphusi ze-EMV ziye zaba ngumgangatho kumazwe amaninzi, inguqu iye yacotha kwezinye iindawo, ngakumbi eUnited States. Oku kubangelwe ikakhulu kwiindleko zokuphucula abafundi bamakhadi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko izibonelelo ze-EMV zibonakala ngakumbi, utshintsho luyakhawuleza.

Isebenza njani i-chip-based card (ikhadi leSIM, ngetyala/ngedebhithi).

amakhadi etshiphu

Kweli candelo, kufuneka sahlule iitshiphusi zeSIM khadi kunye nezo zamakhadi ebhanki, kuba zinomohluko omncinci:

Iichips zeSIM

Omnye Ikhadi leSIM, isifinyezo seModyuli yeSazisi soMbhalisi (Subscriber Identity Module), yitshiphu encinci efakwe kwikhadi elincinci leplastiki. Yintliziyo ye-GSM (i-Global System yoNxibelelwano loNxibelelwano) kwaye isebenza njengomdlali ophambili ekudibaniseni abasebenzisi kwinethiwekhi yeselula.

Enkosi kula makhadi unako chonga kwaye uqinisekise umsebenzisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yeselula yomboneleli wonxibelelwano, ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo zoqhagamshelo, ukugcinwa kwedatha, njengabafowunelwa, phakathi kolunye ulwazi, kunye neminye imisebenzi. I-SIM khadi ikwagcina ulwazi olufana nenombolo yokuzazisa yababhalisi (IMSI), kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zobuqu bomsebenzisi. Xa i-SIM khadi ifakwe kwisixhobo esiphathwayo, ithumela i-IMSI kwisikhululo esisisiseko ukuze ingqinwe. Isikhululo esisisiseko sisebenzisa iqhosha lokuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ubuni bomsebenzisi kunye nokuseka uqhagamshelwano olukhuselekileyo.

Njengoko sele usazi, kukho iintlobo ezininzi okanye iifomati zeSIM khadi ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bazo, njengeeSIM eziqhelekileyo, ezizezona zikhulu, iiMiniSIM, iiMicroSIMs kunye neeNanoSIMs, nganye incinci kuneyangaphambili, kwaye ibibonakala njengeMobile. izixhobo zazihambela phambili. Ukongeza, ngoku kuye kwavela amakhadi afakwe ngaphakathi, athe athengiswa kwisixhobo ngokwaso, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-eSIM okanye i-SIM edibeneyo.

Nokuba luhlobo luni na, zonke zisebenza ngokufanayo. Gcina ulwazi Kubalulekile kwi-chip engenakubonwa ngeso lenyama xa ujonga ikhadi, kodwa ifunyenwe phantsi kwee-contacts zegolide, ezinokuthi zibonwe ngaphandle. Aba bafowunelwa baqhagamshelwe ngombane kumagalelo kunye neziphumo zetshiphu edibeneyo, ukuze abafowunelwa bomfundi wekhadi benze unxibelelwano kule mizila yegolide kwaye ngaloo ndlela bafikelele kwi-chip.

Ezi chips zaqala ukwenziwa ngoo-60, kunye namakhadi okuqala ahlakaniphile kusetyenziswa iitshiphusi ezincinci zeMOS iinkumbulo ezifana EEPROM ukugcina ulwazi oluthile. Nangona kunjalo, i-SIM khadi njengoko siyazi ukuba yayiyinkcazo ye-ETSI, ebizwa ngokuba yi-TS 11.11, eyaziswa kamva kwaye yenziwe ngamashishini amaninzi, njenge-SecureID Limited, iJapan Aviation Electronics Industry, Cardzgroup Limited, EDCH , Ingo Stores, Workz, MelitaIO, njl.

Okwangoku kukho iibhiliyoni zeetshiphusi zolu hlobo ezijikeleza kwihlabathi kuzo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo eziphathwayo kunye namanye amacandelo afuna uqhagamshelo lwedatha, njenge-IoT.

Ukuba singena kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zobugcisa, sifumanisa ukuba iiSIM khadi zisebenzise iitshiphusi ezisebenza kwi-5v, 3v kunye ne-1.8v kwiimeko zokugqibela, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwekhadi. Iitshiphusi zizimilimitha nje ezimbalwa ngobukhulu, kwithebhulethi encinci yesilicon, 4x4mm, kunye nonxibelelwano lwegolide.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthamo wala makhadi awuqhelekanga uphezulu kakhulu, ayahluka ukusuka kwi-8 KB yeyokuqala, ukuya kwezinye zangoku zika-256 KB, kodwa zonke zinokugcina ubuninzi babafowunelwa abangama-250 kwifowuni yethu, kwaye yonke inkumbulo igcinelwe olunye ulwazi: ICCID, IIN, MIM, Jonga idijithi (esetyenziselwa i-algorithm ye-Luhn), i-Ki (okanye isitshixo sokuQinisekisa) ye-128-bit, njl.

Ngale nto ungayenza inkqubo yoqinisekiso:

  1. Xa isixhobo apho iSIM khadi ifakiweyo ivuliwe, ifumana i-IMSI ize iyithumele kumsebenzisi wefowuni, icela ufikelelo kunye noqinisekiso. Isixhobo esiphathwayo kusenokufuneka sifake i-PIN kwiSIM khadi phambi kokuba iveze olu lwazi.
  2. Umsebenzi womnatha womnatha ukhangela ugcino lwedatha ye-IMSI engenayo kunye ne-Ki ehambelana nayo ukuchonga ukuba ngaba ngumsebenzisi obhalisiweyo kwinkonzo yenethiwekhi.
  3. Umncedisi womnikezeli uvelisa inani elingenamkhethe (RAND) kwaye alisayine nge Ki ehambelana ne-IMSI, ibala elinye inani elahlulwe kwiMpendulo esayiniweyo 1 (SRES_1, 32 bits) kunye nesitshixo sofihlo Kc (amasuntswana angama-64) usebenzisa uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo. ialgorithm.
  4. Emva koko umqhubi uthumela i-RAND kwisixhobo esiphathwayo, kwaye siya kubhalwa kwiSIM. Ukusuka apho isayinwe kunye ne-Ki ye-SIM, ivelisa i-Response eSayiniweyo 2 (SRES_2) kunye ne-Kc kwisixhobo apho i-SIM khadi ifakwe kunye nesixhobo sithumela i-SRES_2 kwinethiwekhi yomsebenzisi.
  5. I-SRES_1 ebaliwe ngoku ithelekiswa ne-SRES_2 ebaliweyo ebuyisiwe sisixhobo esiphathwayo. Ukuba ziyahambelana, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zenethiwekhi kunikezelwa. Konke oku kwenziwe kwimizuzwana nje...

Iitshiphusi ze-EMV

I-EMV ngumgangatho wobugcisa wamakhadi okuhlawula ahlakaniphile kunye neetheminali zokuhlawula. kunye nee-ATM ezinokuzamkela. I-EMV imele "i-Europay, i-Mastercard kunye ne-Visa," iinkampani ezintathu ezidale umgangatho. Nangona kunokubonakala ngathi itekhnoloji eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwiitshiphusi zeSIM khadi, inyani kukuba ziyafana, yiyo loo nto ndiye ndazidibanisa kweli candelo linye. Enyanisweni, kwasekuqaleni zibukeka zifana kakhulu.

amakhadi EMV amakhadi smart ukuba gcina idatha kwiitshiphusi zememori ezihlanganisiweyo, njengakwimeko yeeSIM. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa namakhadi omgca wemagnethi, ukhuseleko luye lwaphuculwa, kunye ne-algorithms entsha ye-encryption ephuculweyo yokukhusela idatha kunye nokuthintela i-cloning, ibenza ukuba bangabi sengozini kwi-classic skimming, nangona bengakhululekanga kubuthathaka, kodwa ubuncinane ukuqinisekiswa kwabo kwezinto ezininzi zibonelela ngakumbi. ukhuseleko lweentengiselwano.

I-PIN esiyisebenzisa sonke kunye namakhadi ethu igcinwe kwitshiphu phantsi koguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kusetyenziswa iialgorithms ezikhuselekileyo ezinje I-DES kathathu, i-RSA kunye ne-SHA. Ukongezelela, abanye ababoneleli ngekhadi lekhredithi / i-debit card banikezela ngezisombululo zabo zokhuseleko, ezifana ne-Verified by Visa, i-Mastercard SecureCode, i-Strong Customer Authentication, njl., ngokusekelwe kwisofthiwe xa ezi chips zifundwa ngabafundi.

Njengamakhadi e-SIM, ezi chips nazo zenziwe ziinkampani ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-ABnote, i-CPI Card Group, i-IDEMIA, i-Gemalto (iQela leThales), i-Giesecke & Devrient, i-Versatile Card Technology, njl.

Ngokuphathelele inkqubo Kolu hlobo lwamakhadi, lulandelayo:

  1. Ukukhetha isicelo.
  2. Ukuqala kwenkqubo yesicelo.
  3. Ukufunda idatha yesicelo.
  4. Ukucutshungulwa kwemida.
  5. Uqinisekiso lwedatha engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi.
  6. Isatifikethi.
  7. Ukuqinisekiswa komphathi wekhadi okanye umfundi wekhadi.
  8. Ulawulo lomngcipheko wesiphelo kunye nokuthatha inyathelo ukuba kuyimfuneko.
  9. Uhlalutyo lwezenzo zekhadi.
  10. Intengiselwano igunyaziswe kwi-intanethi...

Iitshiphusi ze-EMV, inguqulelo yazo yokuqala yomgangatho yapapashwa kwi-1995, ziye zafika uhlaziyo olutsha oluninzi kunye namanqanaba amabini okuhambelana: iNqanaba loku-1 lokuhambelana komzimba, umbane kunye nothutho; Inqanaba 2 lentlawulo kunye nezicelo zokwenziwa kwentengiselwano yezemali.

Asebenza njani amakhadi e-RFID angaqhagamshelwanga (i-MIFARE kunye ne-NFC,…)

amakhadi angenanxibelelwano

Amakhadi I-MIFARE, i-NFC kunye ne-RFID Zibuchwephesha obuvumela ukuchongwa kunye notshintshiselwano lwedatha ngaphandle kwamacingo, kumgama omfutshane, ngaphandle kwesidingo soqhagamshelwano, njengakwimeko yangaphambili. Nangona zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo, nganye ineempawu zayo ezithile.

  • I-RFID (i-Radio-Frequency Identification): bubugcisa obusebenzisa amaza erediyo ukuchonga izinto ngokukodwa. Ithegi ye-RFID iqulethe itshiphu efakwe ngaphakathi kunye ne-eriyali. Xa ifikelwa ngumfundi we-RFID, ithegi ithumela into ebonakalisayo eyodwa kumfundi. Le nkqubo isetyenziswe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezicelo, ukusuka kulawulo lokufikelela kulawulo lwempahla.
  • MIFARE: luphawu lwe-RFID oluphuhliswe yi-NXP Semiconductors. Isebenzisa i-13.56 MHz rhoqo kwaye inikezela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okhuseleko kunye nomthamo wokugcina. Amakhadi e-MIFARE asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokulawula ukufikelela, izithuthi zikawonkewonke, iintlawulo zoqhagamshelwano, kunye nezinye izicelo ezifuna ukuchongwa okukhuselekileyo.
  • I-NFC (uNxibelelwano oluDibana kufutshane): Uqhagamshelwano olufutshane oluvumela uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezixhobo zombane. I-NFC yi-subset ye-RFID esebenza kwi-frequency efanayo (13.56 MHz) kwaye isebenzisa imigangatho evulekileyo. Ii-smartphones, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye nezinye izixhobo zinokusebenzisa i-NFC ukwenza iintlawulo, ukwabelana ngedatha, kunye nokuqhagamshela kwezinye izixhobo.

Naliphi na kula makhadi lisebenza nge chip ngolwazi olugciniweyo olunokufundwa ngumfundi ongaqhagamshelwanga, kumgama othile. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka udlulise ikhadi elikufutshane kuphela, kwaye ungalidlulisi okanye ulifake kwindawo yokubeka njengakwimeko yetekhnoloji yangaphambili.

Ukuze zisebenze, zine-chip encinci esebenza njengengqondo kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi ofuna ukuyihambisa. Banokugcina kuphela inani elincinci kakhulu ledatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, incediswa yi-antenna (uhlobo lwekhoyili eqhubayo, ngamanye amaxesha iguquguqukayo) inxalenye evumela unxibelelwano phakathi kwekhadi kunye nomfundi, kwaye isetyenziselwa amaza akhutshwe ngolwazi. Kungenxa yesi sizathu kanye ukuba banokungakhuseleki, kuba umfundi osondeleyo uthe ulwazi lunokubanjwa ...

Iimodyuli zebhodi zeArduino

Umfundi wekhadi leArduino

Okokugqibela, kuya kufuneka uyazi loo nto Kukho iimodyuli zeArduino onokuzisebenzisa ukuqalisa ukwenza umfuniselo ngala makhadi, kwaye ke ufunde okanye uthathe ithuba lokuba asebenza njani kwiiprojekthi zakho. Unokwenza izichazi zofikelelo ngezitshixo zombane ozenzileyo, kunye nolunye ubhaqo, ukulandeleka, ukuvala, njl njl. Ukuba unomdla kuyo, unokubona ezi zixhobo sizicebisayo:

Ndiyathemba ukuba ndikuncede!


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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
  5. Ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha
  6. Amalungelo: Ngalo naliphi na ixesha unganciphisa, uphinde uphinde ucime ulwazi lwakho.