Las amasango okuqiqa asisiseko sombane wedijithali. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuqala ukusebenza nazo, kufuneka uzazi ukuba ziyintoni na, zenziwe njani, kunye nomsebenzi wazo. Ke ungasebenzisa uthotho lweetshiphusi ezikhoyo kwimarike enalo hlobo lweengcango ukuze uqalise ukwenza iiprojekthi zakho ezisebenza nale ngqiqo.
Ezi ngcango, zidibene nezinye Izinto zombane, kwaye kunye neepleyiti ezifana Arduino, banokunika umdlalo omninzi kubenzi njengoko uzibonela ngokwakho.
Ayintoni amasango engqiqo?
Las iingqondo ezinengqiqo zizinto ezisisiseko zengqiqo yedijithali yokuphunyezwa kweesekethe ze-elektroniki zedijithali. La masango anikezela ngeempawu zombane eziphantsi (0) okanye eziphezulu (1) kwimveliso yazo ngokuxhomekeke kubume bamagalelo azo. Ngokubanzi banendlela enye yokuphuma kunye neendawo zokungena ezimbini, kodwa kunokubakho iingcango ezinamasango angaphezulu kwama-2. Ukongeza, kukho izinto ezinje ngesango lokuguqula okanye HAYI, inegalelo elinye kunye nemveliso enye.
Enkosi kula magalelo eBoolean kunye neziphumo onokuzifumana imisebenzi yokuqiqa yokubini esisiseko, njengokudibanisa, uphindaphindo, ukuchasa, njl.
Zifezekiswa njani?
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- Isango le-NAND kwi-TTL
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- Isango le-NAND kwi-CMOS
Amasango okuqiqa akakwazi ukuphunyezwa ngendlela enye kuphela. Enyanisweni, yiyo loo nto kukho ezahlukeneyo iintsapho ezinengqiqo. Nganye kwezi ntsapho iya kuphumeza isango ngendlela enye, kusetyenziswa amacandelo ezahlukeneyo elektroniki.
por ejemploUkuba i-TTL isetyenziselwa i-chip, amasango aya kwenziwa ngee-bipolar transistors, ngelixa i-logic ye-CMOS isekelwe kuphela kwii-transistors ze-MOSFET. Ukongeza kwezi ntsapho zimbini, ezihlala zithandwa kakhulu, kukho nezinye ezifana ne-BiCMOS (idibanisa i-bipolar kunye ne-CMOS transistors), i-RTL (i-resistors kunye ne-bipolar transistors), i-DTL (i-diodes kunye ne-transistors), i-ECL, i-IIL, njl.
Akukho ntsapho ingcono kakhulu kunomnye, kuya kuxhomekeka kwisicelo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, CMOS Yenye yezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisekethe eziphambili, ezifana ne-CPU, i-MCU, i-GPU, imemori, njl. Kwezinye iisekethe ezilula kukwaxhaphakile ukufumana i-TTL.
Izicelo
Ukusetyenziswa kwala masango engqiqo akupheli. Ngezi "zitena" ziyimfuneko unokwakha ubuninzi beesekethe zedijithali. Ukusuka kwi-adder elula, ukuya kwi-CPU enzima, ngokusebenzisa ezinye iisekethe ezininzi onokucinga ngazo. Ngapha koko, uninzi lweenkqubo ozisebenzisayo yonke imihla, njengePC yakho, iTV yakho, iselula, njl., zineebhiliyoni zamasango okuqiqa.
Un umzekelo osebenzayo Ukusetyenziswa kwamasango okuqiqayo izakuba yile adder ilula oyibonayo kumfanekiso ongentla. Yisekethe elula kakhulu, ekwaziyo ukongeza amasuntswana amabini (A kunye no-B) kumagalelo ayo ukunika isiphumo seSum, kunye neCarry, oko kukuthi, into oyithathayo ... nika kule theyibhile ilandelayo:
| A | B | ISity | Yithwala | Isiphumo sesibini |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 00 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 01 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 01 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
Ukuba ujonga le theyibhile, ukuba udibanisa u-0 + 0 kubini ikunika u-0, ukuba udibanise u-1 + 0 ngu-1, kodwa ukuba udibanise u-1 + 1 inganika u-2, yona kwindlela yokubini ingqamana no-10.
Iintlobo zamasango engqiqo
Ngokuphathelele iintlobo zamasango engqiqo, unenani elihle lazo, nangona ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi zilandelayo (kunye neetheyibhile zazo zenyaniso):
- Buffer (Ewe): yaziwa njenge buffer okanye isango elithe ngqo, kuba imveliso yayo iya kuba nemo efanayo negalelo layo. Nangona isenokubonakala ingenamsebenzi, kwiisekethe ezininzi ezinengqondo ihlala isetyenziswa njengeamplifier yangoku okanye njengomlandeli wombane.
| Entrada | Phuma |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 |
- HAYI (i-inverter): kukuchasa okusengqiqweni (¬ o '), oko kukuthi, igalela isuntswana kwimveliso yayo.
| Entrada | Phuma |
|---|---|
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |
- KUNYE (Y): eli elinye isango lenza umsebenzi wemveliso (·) wamasuntswana okubini wegalelo lawo. Oko kukuthi, ingafana nokuphinda-phinda u-A kunye no-B. Ngoko ke, nantoni na ngo-zero ngu-zero, iyakunika imveliso enye kuphela ukuba omabini amagalelo ngu-1. Kungoko igama layo ngu-1 NO-1.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
- IGOLIDE): eli lilinye isango lenza umsebenzi wokudibanisa okusengqiqweni (+). Oko kukuthi, Nokuba enye yeemveliso zayo OKANYE enye, OKANYE zombini mazibe ku-1 ukuze imveliso ibe ngu-1. Xa zombini zingu-0, imveliso ngu-0 ngokunjalo.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
- XOR (okanye kukodwa): Oku kukodwa OKANYE yenza umsebenzi we Boolean A'B + AB ', kwaye isimboli sayo ngu . Kule meko, ukuba amagalelo ayo amabini ayalingana, imveliso ngu-0. Ukuba ayahluka, iya kuba ngu-1.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- NAND (Y yala): yimveliso eyalahlwayo esengqiqweni, oko kukuthi, inguqu ye-AND. Kufana nokusebenzisa u-HAYI kwimveliso kunye nokuguqula amasuntswana emveliso. Ngoko ke, iziphumo zezi:
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- AYI (Okanye yaliwe): isibalo esinengqiqo esaliwayo, okanye into efanayo, OKANYE nesiphumo sayo esilahliweyo, esikhokelela kwinguquko ye-OR.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- XNOR (okukodwa NOR): kufana nokusebenzisa isincedisi sokubini kwisango le-XOR. Oko kukuthi, yenza umsebenzi we-AB + A'B '. Amaxesha B odityaniswe ku-A amaxesha B aliwe. Ke ngoko, iziphumo ziya kufana nezo zeXOR eguqulweyo:
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Zombini i-NOR kunye ne-NAND zimbini zamasango anomdla kakhulu, kuba zaziwa ngokuba amasango logic jikelele. Oko kukuthi, unokwenza iisekethe kuphela kunye nazo ukumela naluphi na olunye uhlobo lwesango lokuqiqa. Oku kubalulekile, ekubeni ukuba uthenga iitshiphusi ngezi ngcango, unokuba nayo yonke imisebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuba amagalelo amabini e-NOR adityanisiwe okanye i-NAND ilingana no-HAYI. Unezinye izinto ezifanayo apha:
Imisebenzi: electronics-tutorials.ws
Te NdiyacebisaUkufunda ngakumbi, uGoogle isekethe elula enawo nawaphi na amasango. Kwaye ukufumanisa ukuba yenzani, yenza uhlobo "lweenjineli ezibuyisela umva", landela imigca yegalelo kunye neziphumo kwaye ubone ubume bomgca ngamnye ngokwegalelo elinikwe kwisiphumo.
por ejemploUkuba ujonga umfanekiso ongasentla, umzobo wokulingana we-OKANYE onamasango e-NAND, uya kubona ukuba uqulathe amasango e-NAND amabini anemveliso yawo ebhlorho kwaye zombini iziphumo ziya kwenye i-NAND. Gcina oku kulandelayo engqondweni:
- Ukuba uya kwiNAND yenyani yetafile, uyakubona ukuba xa amagalelo ayo amabini engu-0 imveliso ngu-1, kwaye xa amagalelo ayo amabini eyi-1 imveliso ngu-0.
- Njengoko zihlanganiswe, ukuba igalelo ngu-1 (enye ingena zombini), isiphumo ngu-0. Kwaye xa igalelo lingu-0 (zombini zero), imveliso iya kuba ngu-1, elingana no-HAYI.
- Ngoko ke, sinee-NOT ezimbini zamasuntswana A kunye no-B. Kwimveliso yazo ngoko ke siya kuba no-A 'kunye no-B'.
- Ezo zichaso zimbini zingena kwi-NAND yokugqibela, eya kuthi yenze imveliso echaseneyo yezo zinto zimbini.
- Ngokwemithetho yengqiqo, oku kulingana nesimbuku esithe ngqo, oko kukuthi, A + B. Ke ngoko, isiphumo sokugqibela siya kuba ngathi OKANYE ...
Logic Gate Chip Series-Apho uThenga
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- Isango elinengqondo le-DIP chip
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- Umzobo wangaphakathi wetshiphu
Kwiivenkile ezikhethekileyo kwi-elektroniki unako thenga iitshiphusi ezitshiphu ngamasango engqiqo ukuqalisa ukusebenzisa kwiiprojekthi zakho. Ezi chips ayililo isango lengqiqo enye, kodwa zikuvumela ukuba ube nezininzi zazo ukuze ukwazi ukudibanisa amagalelo kunye neziphumo njengoko ufuna. Ngokomzekelo, kumzobo kumfanekiso ongentla ungabona i-pinout eqhelekileyo ye-chip ye-DIP enamasango angama-4 e-NAND. Ukongeza, inezikhonkwane ezimbini zamandla (Vcc kunye GND).
Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokuthenga:
- Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo.
- Huaban: 30-chip kit kunye namasango NAND jikelele.
- Zebulon: 120 CMOS chip kit.
Ezinye izixhobo
Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuphumeza la masango kunye nendlela yokuqalisa ukudala iisekethe kunye nabo, unokusebenzisa ezi zinto. Ezinye izixhobo ndicebisa ntoni:
- Isoftware yeSimulIDE ukukwazi ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwezi sekethe ngamasango. Isimahla, umthombo ovulekileyo, kunye neqonga lomnqamlezo.
- Ikhaltyhuleyitha yokubini kwi-intanethi (Ungasebenzisa kwakhona isibali sendlela yakho yokusebenza kwimo yokubini).
- Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo.
- Incwadi yeDigital Logic Circuits: ukusuka kuyilo ukuya kumfuniselo.
Ingqiqo yedijithali kunye neArduino
Obunye ubutyebi yintoni onayo ezandleni zakho ukuba sele unayo isitya Arduino UNO ezandleni zakho sebenzisa i-Arduino IDE ukwenza imizobo ezilinganisa le misebenzi logic ukuya, umzekelo, ukubona isiphumo ngendlela ebonakalayo ngakumbi nge-LED elinganisa imveliso yocango. Umzekelo, ukubeka i-LED kwiphini 7 kunye nokusebenzisa i-8 kunye ne-9 njengamagalelo A kunye no-B:
int pinOut = 7;
int pinA = 8;
int pinB = 9;
void setup()
{
pinMode(pinOut, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pinA, INPUT);
pinMode(pinB, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
boolean pinAState = digitalRead(pinA);
boolean pinBState = digitalRead(pinB);
boolean pinOutState;
//AND
pinOutState =pinAState & pinBState;
digitalWrite(pinOut, pinOutState);
}
I (&) umsebenzi usetyenziswe apha, njengoko ubona, kodwa ungabuyisela laa mgca wekhowudi phantsi kwe // KUNYE nelayini enokusetyenziswa nabanye. eminye imisebenzi enengqondo:
//OR pinOutState = pinAState | pinBState; //NOT pinOutState = !pinAState; //XOR pinOutState = pinAState ^ pinBState; //NAND pinOutState = !(pinAState & pinBState); //NOR pinOutState = !(pinAState | pinBState); //XNOR pinOutState = !(pinAState ^ pinBState);