Isikhulisi esisebenzayo - yintoni na?

Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngaye Isikhulisi esisebenzayo, okanye ukuba awuyazi into eyiyo, apha unokuqonda okungakumbi malunga nolu hlobo lwesixhobo. Ngapha koko, ezi Izinto zombane zisetyenziswa kuninzi lweesekethe, kuba ziluncedo kuninzi lwezicelo.

Enkosi kubo, imiqondiso ye-analog ingaqwalaselwa, ubuninzi bemisebenzi nabo, thelekisa, njl. Namhlanje bakho kwiisekethe ezininzi ozisebenzisa yonke imihla, kubandakanya nebhodi yakho. Arduino...

Yintoni i-amplifier esebenzayo?

El op mqondo izakuvela ngo-1947. Eyokuqala yakhiwa kusetyenziswa iityhubhu zokucoca eziza kusetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter zokuqala ze-analog. Enkosi kubo, imisebenzi esisiseko yemathematika inokwenziwa, njengokongeza, ukuthabatha, ukuphindaphinda, ukwahlulahlula, ukukhupha, ukudibanisa, njl. Yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba zizikhulisi "ezisebenzayo" ...

Kude kube ngo-1964, enkosi odumileyo I-semiconductor ye-Fairchild, i-amplifier yokuqala yokusebenza kwe-monolithic eyakhelwe kwisekethe edibeneyo, njengoko isasazwa namhlanje, ayinakufika. Yayingumsebenzi wenjineli uRobert John Widlar, kwaye yabhalwa μA702. Ukusuka apho iya kuguquka iye kwi-741 μA1968, i-bipolar chip eye yaba ngumgangatho womzi mveliso.

Ezi zixhobo zokukhulisa amandla (ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Op Amp), zizixhobo ezinakho ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ze-elektroniki ezihamba nayo. Ezi zinto ziya kuqhotyoshelwa Izikhonkwane zayo ezi-5 (ikhonkco):

• - igalelo: ligalelo lokungenisa.
• + igaleloUngeniso oluthe ngqo, oko kukuthi, umntu ongatyali mali.
• imveliso: Phuma.
• + Vss: kukutya okuqinisekileyo.
• -Iinkcukacha: kukutyisa okungalunganga.

Kwezi zixhobo ezinye iimeko ezithile ukuze uyazi. Umzekelo:

• Akukho ngoku kungenayo / kushiya izikhonkwane zokungenisa kunye nezingasebenziyo kuba impedance phakathi kwezi zimbini ayinasiphelo (kwi-op amp efanelekileyo).
• Inzuzo eyahlukileyo kwindawo efanelekileyo iya kuba yinto engenasiphelo, nangona ukwenzeka akunakwenzeka, kuba xa kufikelelwa ukufezekiswa, umbane wokuphuma uhlala uhlala uhleli.
• Umahluko onokubakho phakathi kwe-inverting kunye ne-non-inverting input kufuneka ibe ngu-zero.
• Inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu. Kodwa ulungelelwaniso, Oko kukuthi, kuya kufana kwigalelo zombini. Oku kuthetha ukuba imveliso inguziro ukuba zombini igalelo londliwe ngamanqaku alinganayo kunye nokulingana okulinganayo
• Uxhathiso igalelo eliphezulu kakhulu, kunye nokumelana imveliso ephantsi kakhulu.
• Njengayo nayiphi na enye amp, banokufikelela kwinqanaba labo lokugcwalisa. Ngelo xesha, isiginali yokuphuma ayizukuqhubeka nokunyuka nokuba umahluko phakathi kwemiqondiso uyenza.
• I-bandwidth nayo ayinasiphelo kwimeko efanelekileyo, kodwa kwimeko eyiyo ayinakwenzeka. Oku kubonisa uluhlu lwamaxesha apho umsebenzi owenziweyo ugcinwa uchanekileyo.

Kwaye njengoko igama layo libonisa, i-op amp sisixhobo esinakho nyusa naluphi na uhlobo lomqondiso (ombane okanye amandla), zombini ezihamba ngoku kunye ngqo yangoku. Kwaye oko kwanele ukwenza ubuninzi bemisebenzi ngokungqinelana nolungelelwaniso okanye iindlela esiza kubona kwicandelo elilandelayo ...

Iindlela zokusebenza

Into emnandi malunga ne-op amp kukuba inako iqulunqwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze usebenze ngokwahlukileyo:

Umtyali mali

I-op amp inokusebenza njengesikhulisi sevolthi umtyali mali kwaye hayi umtyali mali. Xa uyenza njenge-inverter, i-voltage yokuphuma ikwinqanaba lokuchasana nevolthi yokufaka (endaweni yesigaba esifanayo nakwabangengabo abaguquli).

Kananjalo kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba banokusebenza zombini nge Okwangoku iyaqhubeka kunye nokutshintsha okwangoku kolu hlobo loqwalaselo. Kwimeko ye-AC, i-capacitor C1 iya kubandakanywa kuthotho kwaye phambi kwe-R1.

Kule meko, i inzuzo ingabalwa nefomula:

A_v = - R₂ /R₁

Ngelixa unako ukubala ukumelana edibanisa igalelo kunye nomhlaba nge:

R₃ =R₁ R₂ /R₁ + R₂

Hayi umtyali mali

Isikhulisi esisebenzayo hayi umtyali mali iya kunikwa amandla kukungenisa okungaguqukiyo, kwaye isignali yemveliso ikwisigaba kunye negalelo. Kule meko inokusebenza koluqwalaselo lweDC njenge-AC, ukongeza kwimeko yesibini ii-capacitors ezimbini, i-C1 kwigalelo ngqo, kunye ne-C2 kuthotho phakathi kwe-R1 kunye nomhlaba.

Kule meko, inzuzo ibalwa ngokwahlukileyo:

A_v = R₁ + R₂ /R₁

Ngelixa iifayile ze ukuxhathisa okwesithathu isabalwa ngefomula efanayo naleyo kwi-inverter ...

Isongezo sevolthi

I-op amp ingasetyenziselwa xuba imiqondiso igalelo elivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo lwesekethe lusebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezifakwayo (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 ubuninzi, nangona zintathu kuphela emfanekisweni).

Kwenzeka ntoni apha kukuba ulawulo ilingana nesixa semigangatho yenxalenye yegalelo (njengoko kumiselwe ngumthetho waseKirchhoff):

I_i = Ndi₁ + Mna₂ + Mna₃

Nganye yezi zinto zinamandla, ukusebenzisa Umthetho ka-Ohm, kuya kuxhomekeka ukusuka:

I₁ = V₁ /R₁

I₂ = V₂ /R₂

I₃ = V₃ /R₃

Kuba amandla okokufaka ngoku anexabiso elifanayo kwaye ngophawu oluchaseneyo ne imveliso yangokuinokumiselwa ukuba:

I_i = - Mna_o

Ke ngoko kunokugqitywa ukuba imveliso ombane iya kuba:

V_o = Ndi_o R₄ = -I_i R₄

Kule meko, ukongeza kwakhona capacitors inokusebenza ne-AC ...

Umbane othabathayo

Kule meko, yi- yokukhulisa umahluko eyenziwe ngumtyalomali kunye nongenzi mali. Ingasetyenziselwa ukukhupha ukutshintshana kunye nokuhambisa imijelo, kuya kuba nakho ukubeka okanye ukususa ii-capacitors kuthotho kunye nezichasi zezimvo zazo.

Kule meko, i imveliso ombane iya kuba:

V_o = V_o1 +V_o2 =R₄ /R₁ (V_o1 +V_o2)

Thelekisa

Kuqwalaselo olunjenge uthelekiso, Amanani amabini ohlobo olunye lwesiginali aya kuthelekiswa kwaye isiphumo siya kubonisa ukuba amaxabiso egalelo ayafana okanye hayi. Oko kukuthi, oku kulandelayo kunokwenzeka:

Ukuba iV_i1 <V_i2  Iziphumo ze-V_o izakulunga.

Ukuba iV_i1 > V_i2  Iziphumo ze-V_o iya kuba yinto engalunganga.

Kuya kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba ukuba isekethe isetyenzisiwe iluphu evulekileyo (ngaphandle kokuchasana nengxelo), iya kuziphatha njengokuthelekisa amandla ombane.

Olunye useto

Ingaba qwalasela ezinye iindlela Kulezi zixhobo zokukhulisa amandla, qhagamshela kwi-cascade, kwaye ubeke endaweni yezichasi kunye neepotentiometers zokwenza izinto eziguqukayo, njengesihlanganisi, isiphumo, njengabaguquli, kwimisebenzi ye-logarithmic kunye ne-exponential, ukuthelekisa iifestile, njl. Kodwa ezi zihlala zincinci kunale ndizichazileyo ngasentla ...​

Izicelo

Las izicelo yezi op amps zinokuba zininzi. Kufuneka ukuba uzisebenzisile. Ngapha koko, zikho kwiibhodi zophuhliso, kwiikhalityhuleyitha zedijithali, kwizicoci zenkqubo yesandi (ukupasa okuphezulu, ukupasa okuphantsiI-bandwidth, izihluzi ezisebenzayo, ii-oscillators), kwii-preamplifiers kunye nee-audio / video buffers, kubalawuli, abaguquli, iadaptha yenqanaba (umz.

Su ukuguquguquka Kungenxa yokuba banokusebenza njengabalinganisi bemiqondiso, abalandeli bevolthi, ii-amplifiers ezingacimekiyo, isongezo esiguqukayo, njengesongezo esiguqukayo, njengesidibanisi, shunt, yangoku kuguquli lwevolthi, yemisebenzi ye-logarithmic okanye ebonakalayo, njengabaguquleli beDigital / Analog, njl.

Uninzi lwezikhulisi zokusebenza ezisetyenzisiweyo

Ukuba ungumenzi okanye wenza uhlobo oluthile lweprojekthi ye-DIY, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufuna ukwazi ezinye zazo iimodeli ze-op amp eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo:

• μA709M
• LM741
• LM1458
• I-LM358N
• LM324
• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
• OP07
• I-MAX4238
• Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo
• LM339
• CA 3130
• CA 3140
• TL071
• TL082
• IC747