Ii-Supercapacitors: Yintoni abayiyo, basebenza njani, kunye nokuba bangahamba kangakanani

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ezinye izixhobo zombane zinokufumana njani amandla amakhulu ngemizuzwana nje embalwa? Ukusuka kwiimoto zombane ukuya kwizinyusi zamashishini kunye neenkqubo zamandla ahlaziyekayo, kukho itekhnoloji enye ekwaziyo ukuguqula indlela esigcina ngayo kwaye sikhulule amandla: ii-supercapacitors. La macandelo athatha i-classic capacitor concept ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha, enika amathuba okuba, kungekudala, kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.

Kweli nqaku, sikuxelela ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu ukuba yintoni i-supercapacitor, isebenza njani, kwaye yeyiphi izakhono enokuzifumana. kwaye kutheni ibe yenye yeentsika zokugcina amandla anamhlanje. Ukuba ujonge ingcaciso engqongqo, enzulu, kunye neyonwabisayo, hlala ubukele kuba sele uzakufumana ugcino lwamandla lwamva nje ngesantya esiphezulu.

Yintoni i-supercapacitor?

I-supercapacitor, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ultracapacitor, i-EDLC (i-Electric Double Layer Capacitor), okanye i-capacitor ephindwe kabini., sisixhobo sogcino lwamandla ombane uphawu lwaso luphambili kumthamo waso omkhulu wokuqokelelwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla kwangoko. Ziyakwazi ukugcina phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-100 amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu kwamandla e-electrolytic capacitors. kwaye zikwindawo ephakathi phakathi kweebhetri zekhemikhali kunye neecapacitor zakudala, ezidibanisa eyona teknoloji ibalaseleyo.

Ezi zixhobo zavela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-70 kwaye, ukusuka kwiinguqulelo zazo zokuqala zomgama nje omnye ngeminyaka yoo-80 noo-5.000, ziye zavela ukuze zifikelele kubuchule borhwebo obufikelela kuma-XNUMX eemitha nangaphezulu kwilabhoratri. I-supercapacitor yokuqala yabhaliswa ngo-50 ngu-HE Becker kwaye, emva kweminyaka emininzi yokucokisa, ngoku isetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo akhulayo.

Ukusebenza kunye nesakhiwo se-supercapacitor

Ukusebenza kwe-supercapacitor kusekelwe kumgaqo ofanayo njenge-capacitor eqhelekileyo: iipleyiti ezimbini ze-conductive ezihlukaniswe yi-insulating material. (dielectric). Nangona kunjalo, isitshixo sikwi indawo enkulu yangaphakathi yeepleyiti zayo (enkosi ekusebenziseni izinto ezifana ne-porous carbon, igraphene okanye i-nanotubes) nakwi umgama omncinci kakhulu phakathi kwazo, kufutshane nesikali semolekyuli.

Xa i-voltage isetyenzisiwe, iileya ezimbini zentlawulo echaseneyo zenziwe kwi-interface phakathi kwe-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte.Le 'maleko aphindwe kabini' inika igama layo kwenye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo: i-electric double-layer supercapacitors (EDLCs). Ukuqokelelana kwamandla akwenzeki ngenxa yokusabela kweekhemikhali, kodwa ngokwahlulwa ngokwasemzimbeni kweentlawuliso ze-electrostatic, okwenza ukuba phantse kuphele imijikelo yokukhupha intlawulo kunye nonikezelo lwamandla olukhawuleza kakhulu.

Kukho neepseudocapacitors, ezithatha inzuzo ye-surface redox reactions ukunyusa amandla, kunye nee-hybrids, ezidibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukeneyo ukuphucula ukusebenza.

Ukuthelekisa phakathi kwee-supercapacitors, ii-capacitors kunye neebhetri

Ngaba ii-supercapacitors zahluke njani kwii-capacitors eziqhelekileyo kunye neebhetri? Impendulo ikwimiba emininzi ebalulekileyo:

• Ukuxinana kwamandla: Ii-Supercapacitors zigcina amandla amaninzi kunee-capacitors eziqhelekileyo, nangona zingaphantsi kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion.
• Amandla athile: Banokuhambisa kwaye bafumane amandla ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunalo naliphi na ibhetri.. Oku kubenza balungele izicelo ezifuna amandla ngoko nangoko.
• Imijikelo yobomi: I-Supercapacitors inokumelana namakhulu amawaka okanye izigidi zemijikelezo yentlawulo / yokukhupha ngaphandle kokuthotywa., kakhulu kuneebhetri, ezijikeleze amawaka emijikelo.
• Ixesha lokulayisha: Zinokutshajwa ngemizuzwana okanye imizuzu, xa kuthelekiswa neeyure ezinokufunwa ziibhetri..
• Indlela yokugcina: Ngelixa iibhetri zigcina amandla ngokusebenzisa iikhemikhali, ii-supercapacitors zenza oko ngokwasemzimbeni ngokuqokelelwa kweentlawulo.
• Ukhuseleko: Ii-Supercapacitors zibonakalisa umngcipheko ophantsi wokudubula kwaye azingcolisi kancinci.

Ngokwezinto eziphathekayo, i-supercapacitors ayitshintshi ngokuthe ngqo iibhetri kwizicelo zokugcina ixesha elide., kodwa banokuncedisana kwaye bagqithise kwiimfuno zokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza, iincopho zamandla kunye nemijikelezo enzulu.

Izinto ezisisiseko kunye nemigaqo yobuchwepheshe

Ukutsiba kwetekhnoloji kwii-supercapacitors ikakhulu ngenxa yezixhobo eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo. kunye nokulungiswa kolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Ii-electrodes zivame ukuveliswa kunye ikhabhoni esebenzayo, i-carbon nanotubes, igraphene okanye i-aerogels kunye ne-nanofoams ukwandisa indawo ekhoyo ekhoyo.

I-electrolyte ingaba ngamanzi, i-organic okanye isekelwe kulwelo lwe-ionic, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo, ukuvumela ukulungiswa kombane ophezulu kunye ne-conductivity yesixhobo. Izinto zokugquma kunye nokwahlula nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzinzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.

Ezinye iinguqu ziye zaphuhliswa, ezifana ne-pseudocapacitors, esebenzisa i-oxides yensimbi (umzekelo, i-ruthenium dioxide, i-manganese, i-iridium, i-nickel) okanye i-polymers conductive. ezifana ne-polyaniline, i-polythiophene kunye ne-polypyrrole, ekwazi ukugcina intlawulo enkulu ngakumbi nge-ionic adsorption / iinkqubo ze-desorption kumthamo we-electrode.

Ukuhlelwa kwee-supercapacitors

Ngokuxhomekeke kwizixhobo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza, ii-supercapacitors zinokuhlelwa njenge:

• Ii-supercapacitors zombane eziphindwe kabini: Basebenzisa ukuqokelelwa kweentlawulo kwi-electrode-electrolyte interface (EDLC), ngokubanzi kunye ne-porous carbon electrodes kunye ne-electrolyte yamanzi.
• IiPseudocapacitors: Basekela amandla abo kwi-face faradaic reactions usebenzisa ii-oxide zentsimbi okanye iipholima eziqhubayo. Banikezela ngokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu.
• Hybrid supercapacitors: Badibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukeneyo (umzekelo, ipleyiti yebhetri kunye ne-supercapacitor plate, okanye ukuxuba i-carbon kunye ne-oxide yensimbi).

Amandla aphunyeziweyo ayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemathiriyeli kunye noyilo., kunye noluhlu olunokuthi luhambe ukusuka kwiifadi ezininzi kwizixhobo ezincinci ukuya kumawaka kwiimodeli zoshishino.

Ngawaphi amandla anokufikelela kwi-supercapacitor?

Enye yezona zinto zimangalisayo ngumlinganiselo wesakhono esinokufikelelwa yi-supercapacitors yangoku:

• Kwilabhoratri: Amandla afikelela kwi-400 farads ngegram aphunyeziwe kusetyenziswa iioksidi zetsimbi ezifana ne-ruthenium kunye nobuchwepheshe be-nanostructuring.
• Kwizicelo zorhwebo: Kuqhelekile ukufumana ii-supercapacitors ze-1500, 2400, 3000, kunye ne-5000 farads, ezinobunzima phakathi kwekhilogram enye kunye nezintathu.
• Ukuxinana kwamandla: Zikholisa ukuba malunga ne-4 ukuya kwi-10 Wh/kg kwizicelo eziqhelekileyo, ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion (30-150 Wh/kg), kodwa zigqithise kakhulu ii-capacitors zakudala.
• Amandla athile: Bafikelela kwi-2.000 W / kg (okanye nangaphezulu!), Ukuvumela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhupha.
• Ubomi obuluncedo: Umjikelo wobomi ngokuqhelekileyo udlula i-500.000 kwiimodeli ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ngelixa kwiimodeli zoshishino, akuqhelekanga ukufikelela kwiminyaka eyi-20 yokusebenza.

Enkosi kwimathiriyeli emitsha efana negraphene kunye nobuchule obuphambili bokwenza, ibha yokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ukuxinana kunye nokuqina iyaphakanyiswa minyaka le., ukwandisa imimandla enokwenzeka yesicelo.

Izicelo kwishishini, amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokuthutha

Amandla ee-supercapacitors akhule kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, afikelela kumacandelo afana nala:

• Izithuthi kunye nezothutho: Izithuthi zombane, iimoto ezixubeneyo, iibhasi ezitshaja ngokukhawuleza, iitram, kunye noololiwe bonke basebenzisa ii-supercapacitors zombane omkhulu, ukuqalisa, kunye nokuvuselela iziqhoboshi.
• Ishishini lamandla kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo: Zisebenza njengezizinzisi zombane kwiiphaneli zelanga kunye neeinjini zomoya, ezifunxayo kwaye zikhuphe amandla ukuhlawula ukuguquguquka kunye nokuphazamiseka.
• Usetyenziso lwe-elektroniki lwasekhaya kunye nabathengi: Babandakanyeka ekuxhaseni i-RAM, iiwotshi, ukukhanya kwekhamera, kunye ne-microcontroller kunye ne-robot power kunye ne-boot systems.
• Ukuzenzekela kunye nolungiselelo: Zisetyenziswa kwiinqwelo ezizisebenzelayo kunye neenkqubo zokugcina kwimizi-mveliso, apho ukutshaja kwakhona okukhawulezileyo kunye nokuqhubeka nokusebenza kubalulekile.

Kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla zanamhlanje, i-automated Pallet Shuttles inokusebenza 24/7 enkosi kwii-supercapacitors., ukuphepha ukutshaja iindawo zokumisa kunye nokwandisa imveliso. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkqubo zamandla ancedisayo kwiimoto (APU), i-UPS yamashishini, iicompressors, kunye neenjini ezinkulu zibonisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokuthembeka.

Izibonelelo zetekhnoloji kunye nokusebenza ngaphezu kwezinye izisombululo

Kutheni ukhetha i-supercapacitor endaweni yebhetri yendabuko? Izizathu zininzi kwaye zinxulumene nokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko:

• Ixesha elifutshane lokutshaja: Zinokuhlawuliswa ngokupheleleyo ngemizuzwana okanye imizuzu.
• Amandla amakhulu okuhambisa: Bamelana nokukhutshwa okuphezulu, okugqibeleleyo kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezicelo zokuthutha.
• Inani eliphezulu kakhulu lemijikelo: Abahlupheki kakhulu kwimijikelezo ephindaphindiweyo, eguqulela kwiindleko zokulungisa eziphantsi.
• Uluhlu lobushushu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle: Zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-thermal kunye nentlawulo / ukukhutshwa okusebenzayo okungaphezulu kwe-95%.
• Ukhuseleko olukhulu: Ngokungaxhomeki kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zekhemikhali, umngcipheko wogqabhuko-dubulo okanye umlilo uncitshiswe kakhulu.
• Impembelelo encinci yokusingqongileyo: Basebenzisa izinto ezinetyhefu encinci kwaye, ngenxa yokuphila ixesha elide, zifuna ukutshintshwa okumbalwa.

Ubuthathaka bayo obuphambili buhlala buphantsi kwamandla aphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri., ngoko ke azisetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla kwiiyure ezinde, kodwa kwimijikelezo ekhawuleza kakhulu kunye neemfuno ezikhawulezayo.

Imida ephambili yee-supercapacitors

Ayiyiyo yonke into egqibeleleyo: ii-supercapacitors nazo zineengxaki. Eyona ifanelekileyo yi ukuxinana kwamandla aphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri, ezibathintelayo ekunikezeni ukuzimela okwandisiweyo. Ukongeza, zabo ukunqongophala kombane Oku kufuna ukunyuswa kwamanani amaninzi kuthotho ukufezekisa amandla ombane osebenzayo, nto leyo yenza nzima ulawulo kwaye inokwazisa ibhalansi kunye neengxaki zokhuseleko.

Bafumana ubunzima bokuzikhupha, ikhupha ngokuthe ngcembe enye intlawulo egciniweyo xa ingasetyenziswa, kwaye ixabiso ngefarad nganye lisephezulu kunelo lobuchwepheshe bemichiza eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando kunye nokuhambela phambili kwemathiriyeli ngokuthe ngcembe kunciphisa ezi ntsilelo.

Inkqubela phambili yangoku kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe

Umdyarho wokudala ii-supercapacitors ezisebenza kakuhle neziphucukileyo uyaqhubeka.Phakathi kolona phuhliso luphawulekayo lu:

• Ukufakwa kwegraphene kunye necarbon nanotubes: Baphucula i-conductivity, indawo ephezulu kunye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo.
• I-Hybrid kunye ne-doped materials: Ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxide zetsimbi, ukuqhuba i-polymers kunye ne-doping kunye ne-heteroatoms ivumela ukudibanisa imiphumo ephindwe kabini kunye ne-pseudocapacitance ukwandisa ubuninzi bamandla.
• Imveliso echanekileyo ephezulu kunye nokulawula umgangatho: Uqinisekisa amandla aphezulu, ukuchasana okuphantsi kwangaphakathi kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.
• Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile kwiinkqubo ze-hybrid: : Udibaniso olufanelekileyo lweebhetri zeekhemikhali lufunwa, luthatha inzuzo yezo zombini iinkqubo zokufumana ukusebenza okuphezulu.

Ngombulelo kule nkqubela phambili, iiprototypes ezisekelwe emanzini, isamente kunye nekhabhoni emnyama sele ikhona., kunye nokudityaniswa kwazo kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezifana neziseko zezakhiwo, izinyusi zombane, kunye neesathelayithi kunye nezicelo ze-aerospace kuyaphandwa.

Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko eziphathekayo

Ukuzisa ingcamango ekhaya, nantsi eminye imizekelo evezayo.:

• KwimotoIi-Supercapacitors zinceda ekuqaliseni, ukuvuselela iziqhoboshi, kunye nokukhawulezisa izithuthi zombane, iibhasi, kunye noololiwe, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye nobomi.
• Kumandla ahlaziyekayoKwiifama zelanga nezomoya, zizinzisa kwaye zilawula amandla ombane, zithintela ukuphuma kwegridi kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kokubonelela.
• Kwi-elektroniki yabathengi: Banikezela ngamandla afunekayo ekukhanyeni kwekhamera, imemori kunye ne-clock backups, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwii-millisecond ezibalulekileyo.
• Kumalungiselelo kunye ne-automation: Bavumela ukusebenza okungaphazamisekiyo kweenkqubo zerobhothi kunye nezithuthi ezizenzekelayo, isitshixo ekuphuculweni kwamashishini kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-supercapacitors kwizisombululo zamandla aphezulu, njengeenkqubo zamandla asebenzayo, kunokuba lukhetho oluhle kakhulu lokuphucula ukufakelwa kombane. ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko.

Amathemba kunye nentsingiselo yexesha elizayo

Ucinga ukuba ikamva linjani nge-supercapacitors? Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile kwizisombululo ze-hybridi kuya kuchaza ishumi leminyaka ezayo.

Iintsingiselo zangoku zalatha koku:

• Iinkqubo ze-Hybrid ibhetri-supercapacitor: Ukudibanisa amandla aphezulu ebhetri kunye namandla kunye nesantya se-supercapacitor.
• Ukungena okukhulu ekuhambeni kombaneIinkqubo zokutshaja ezikhawuleza kakhulu, ezidityaniswe nokuqina, kulindeleke ukuba zibeke ii-supercapacitors njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kwizithuthi, iidrones, kunye nelogistics.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwi-biomedicine kunye ne-aerospaceUkusuka kwi-pacemakers ukuya kwi-satellites, ukuthembeka kwabo kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunomtsalane kakhulu.

Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba njengoko iindleko zemveliso ziwa kwaye iinkqubo zokuvelisa zicocwa, ii-supercapacitors ziya kukhula zithatha indawo eninzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwishishini..

I-Supercapacitors imele esinye sezona zisombululo zithembisayo kunye nenguqu kwintsimi yokugcina amandla. Ngombulelo kubuchule babo bokugcina kunye nokuhambisa amandla ngexesha lerekhodi, ixesha elide, kunye nokhuseleko abalunikezelayo, baye baba ngabadlali abaphambili kumacandelo ahlukeneyo njengeemoto, i-elektroniki, i-automation ye-industrial, kunye namandla acocekileyo. Nangona zisajongene nemida ngokobuninzi bamandla kunye neendleko, inkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa ziqikelela indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kobuchwepheshe behlabathi. Utyalo-mali kwii-supercapacitors kuthetha ukutyalomali kwikamva elisebenzayo, elizinzileyo kunye namandla ahlala elungele umngeni olandelayo.