Kwintsimi ye-elektroniki yamandla, i ii-rectifiers ezilawulwa nge-silicon Ii-SCRs (SCRs) zizenzele njengezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokulawula kunye nokuguqula amandla ombane, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwizicelo ezifuna ukulawula imithwalo emikhulu, ukulawula iimoto, okanye ukulungelelanisa ukukhanya kunye nobushushu bokushisa. Nangona ukusebenza kwabo kunokubonakala kuntsonkothile ekuqaleni, ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nendlela abadityaniswa ngayo kwiisekethe kulula kakhulu ukuba uqala ngezinto ezisisiseko.
Uyazibuza ukuba yintoni i-SCR, ivulwe njani, isetyenziswe phi, okanye zithini izibonelelo zayo kunye nemida? Nantsi ingcaciso eneenkcukacha nekulula ukuyiqonda yee-SCRs. iindawo zokuthengisa, icandelo eliphambili eliye laguqula ulawulo lwamandla ombane kwiisekethe zanamhlanje. Uya kufunda kwakhona malunga nesifundo esidumileyo se I-SCR 2N6504, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengomzekelo wokomelela kunye nokufumaneka kwayo.
Yintoni i-SCR okanye isilungisi esilawulwa yisilicon?
Un SCR luhlobo umqhubi, isixhobo isemiconductor yamandla yenzelwe ukusebenza njengokutshintsha kwe-elektroniki. Injongo yayo ephambili kukuvumela okanye ukuvala ukudlula kombane kwicala elinye kuphela, oko kukuthi, liziphatha ngendlela unidirectional kwaye, ngokungafaniyo ne-diode eqhelekileyo, Ukuqhuba kwayo kulawulwa ngumqondiso we-trigger wangaphandleOlu lawulo luyenza ilitye lembombo lolawulo lwamandla kwiindidi ezininzi zemizi-mveliso kunye neesekethe zasekhaya.
I-SCR, ngokungafaniyo ne-PN edibeneyo ye-diode, iqulethe iileya ezine ezitshintshanayo yemathiriyeli yesemiconductor (PNPN okanye NPNP) kwaye ine iitheminali ezintathu: i-anode (A), i-cathode (K), kunye nesango (G). Esi sakhiwo sisinika amandla okuthintela amandla ombane aphezulu xa uphumle, kodwa kunye nokuvumela imisinga yombane ephezulu ukuba idlule kunye ne-pulse encinci yokuvula esangweni.
Ukongeza, kuqhelekile ukuba i-SCR nayo ibizwe Idiyodi ye-SCR, I-4-layer diode okanye nje umqhubi. Amaxesha amaninzi, xa usiva igama elithi thyristor, libhekisa ngokukodwa kwi-SCR.
Ukusebenza okuneenkcukacha kwe-SCR
El SCR iziphatha njengeswitshi elawulwa ngombane. Xa i i-anode kunye icathode i-voltage ngqo isetyenziswa kwaye kwi Isango (G) I-pulse encinci ye-positive yangoku ibangelwa, isixhobo sisuka kwisithintelo sokuthintela ukuya kwisimo sokuqhuba ngokupheleleyo, sivumela ukuhamba kwangoku kwindlela enye kuphela. Le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba dubula okanye ukuqalisa.
Nje ukuba isebenze, i-SCR ihlala ikwimo yokuqhuba de kube ukuqukuqela okukhoyo phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode iwela ngaphantsi komda ochazwe kwangaphambilikubizwa ukubamba okwangokuOku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiisekethe ze ukutshintsha okwangoku (CA), apho i-zero crossing of signal ivumela i-SCR ukuba ivale ngokwemvelo.
Kwiisekethe ze DC (CC), xa i-trigger pulse isetyenziswe kwisango, i-SCR ivala kwaye Ikhoyo ngoku ihamba ngokuqhubekayo de unikezelo luphazamiseke okanye umbane uyancipha ngaphantsi komda ofunekayo ukuyigcina. Olu phawu lwenza kube yimfuneko ukuphumeza iindlela ezongezelelweyo kwizicelo ze-DC zokuvala i-SCR ngendlela elawulwayo.
Ubume kunye nesimboli se-SCR
Ngaphakathi, i-SCR yenziwe ngokulandelelana kwemigangatho ye-semiconductor enika iimpawu zayo. Ngaphandle, iye yenza njalo iitheminali ezintathu:
- I-Anode (A): Itheminali elungileyo apho ikhoyo ingena kwisixhobo.
- I-Cathode (K): Itheminali engalunganga apho ikhoyo iphuma.
- Isango (G): Itheminali yokulawula apho i-pulse yokuvula iyasebenza.
Isimboli sesikimu se-SCR kwimizobo yombane imelwe lutolo (i-anode ukuya kwi-cathode) kunye nomgca owongezelelweyo oza kwisixhobo ukusuka kwisango, ubonisa indawo yokuqalisa.
Iiparamitha eziphambili kunye neempawu zombane
Los SCR Zichazwa luluhlu lweeparamitha ezisisiseko zobugcisa, ezivumela imodeli efanelekileyo ukuba ikhethwe kwisicelo ngasinye kwaye ithintele ukugcwala okanye umonakalo:
- I-VRDM (Owona mbane uBuye uBuye kwi-Spark-Off): Amandla ombane aphezulu ukuba i-SCR inokumelana ne-bias engasemva ngaphandle kokuvula.
- I-VFOM (Ubona mandla ombane aphezulu okuqhubela phambili ngaphandle kokuntlantsi): I-voltage ephezulu ethe ngqo inokumelana nayo ngaphandle kokuqaliswa.
- UKUBA (Obona Bubona buNgqo ngqo ngoku): Isixa esikhulu sangoku esinokuhamba nge-SCR ngexesha lokusebenza.
- PG (Awona Mandla eSango aphezulu): Ibonisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla aphezulu phakathi kwesango kunye ne-cathode.
- I-VGT/IGT (I-Voltage yokuBumba kweSango okanye yangoku): I-pulse encinci efunekayo kwisango ukuze kusebenze i-SCR.
- IH (Bamba okwangoku): Ubuncinci bexabiso langoku elifunekayo ukuze i-SCR iqhubeke nokuqhuba emva kokuqhutywa.
- dv/dt: Ubuninzi bokutshintsha kombane olwamkelweyo ngaphandle kokuvula ngengozi i-SCR.
- di/dt: Ubuninzi benguqu yangoku evumelekileyo phambi kokuba isixhobo sonakaliswe.
Ezi xabiso zihlala zivela kumaphepha obugcisa kwimodeli nganye kwaye zibalulekile ekulinganiseni i-SCR ngokusekelwe kumthwalo kunye neemeko zokusebenza.
Uyivula kwaye uyicime njani i-SCR?
El dubula Ukusebenza kwe-SCR kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-pulse yangoku encinci ephilileyo kwisango elinxulumene ne-cathode. Emva kokuba kuqhutywe, isixhobo sihlala sivulekile (ukuqhuba) nje ngokuba i-current phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode ilingana okanye inkulu kune-current hold current. Ukuyicima (yitshixe kwakhona), kwiinkqubo zangoku ezitshintshanayo, kwanele ukulinda amaza ukuba awele i-zero, ekubeni yangoku iwela ngaphantsi kwalo mqoboNgokuchanekileyo ngoku, kuyimfuneko ukuphazamisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okanye ukuphumeza iisekethe zokuvala zangaphandle.
Usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-SCR
Ukuguquguquka kwe-SCR kwenza ukuba ibaluleke kumacandelo amaninzi:
- Izilungisi ezilawulwayo: Ukuguqula i-alternating current kwi-current ngqo ngendlela elawulwayo, ukuvumela ubungakanani bamandla adluliselwe kumthwalo ukuba ulungelelaniswe.
- Ukulawulwa kweenjini zombane: Lungisa amandla afunyenwe ziimotor ukulawula isantya kunye netorque.
- Iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezicimayo: Lawula ukuqina kokukhanya kwimizi-mveliso kunye nofakelo lwasekhaya.
- Izixhobo zokuwelda: Ukulawula amandla anikezelwe kwi-welding arc.
- Ulawulo lokufudumeza kombane: Iziko ezinkulu kunye neeyunithi zomoya zixhamla ekusebenziseni i-SCR ukulungelelanisa ubushushu obukhutshwayo.
- Ubonelelo lwamandla kwimizi-mveliso: Bakuvumela ukuba ulawule inkqubo yokutshaja ibhetri okanye unike amandla izixhobo ezikhulu ngokufanelekileyo.
Kumzi mveliso wanamhlanje, zikwaqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokukhusela, njengezinto zokunciphisa i-voltage spikes, nakwizinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwiimoto nezothutho.
Iintlobo ze-SCR kunye nokwahluka
Zininzi Iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-SCR zilungiselelwe iimfuno ezahlukeneyo:
- Uthotho lweNdibaniselwano ye-SCR (SFS-SCR): Zibandakanya iiseli ezininzi kuthotho, ezivumela ukuba zimelane nombane ophezulu kakhulu.
- I-SCR enesango elandisiweyo (GTO-SCR): Banesango elikhethekileyo eliphucula amandla okulawula, kwanokuvumela ukuba i-SCR ingasebenzi ngokusebenzisa umqondiso.
- Ucango olusecaleni lwe-SCR (LGT-SCR): Banelungiselelo lesango elisecaleni, ukulungelelanisa ukuhanjiswa kwangoku kunye nokutshintsha umthamo.
- Umbane ophezulu we-SCR (HV-SCR): Ilungiselelwe ngokukodwa usetyenziso kwiindidi ze-kilovolt.
- Umbane ophantsi we-SCR (LV-SCR): Isetyenziswa kwiisekethe apho iimfuno zombane zisezantsi, njengezilawuli zasekhaya okanye iinkqubo zombane eziphathwayo.
Ukwahluka ngalunye kuphendula kwimfuno ethile yoshishino okanye yobugcisa, eye yavumela i-SCR ukuba yande ngokukhawuleza kuzo zonke iintlobo zezicelo.
Ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kunye nokhathalelo xa usebenzisa i-SCR
Njengezixhobo zamandla, ii-SCRs ziphantsi kweemeko zombane ezifunekayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwabo kunye nokwandisa ubomi babo, kuhlala kucetyiswa:
- Faka iisinki zobushushu: Kubalulekile ukugcina iqondo lobushushu phantsi kolawulo kwaye uphephe ukufudumeza.
- Faka ukhuseleko lobushushu: Sebenzisa i-thermostats okanye izinzwa ezijonga ubushushu besixhobo, ukuthintela umonakalo kubushushu obugqithisileyo.
- Khusela ekunyukeni kwamandla: Yongeza i-varistors, i-avalanche diode, okanye i-surge suppressors ukunqanda ukunyuka okuyingozi kwigridi.
- Sebenzisa i-fuses okanye ii-circuit breakers: Ukuthintela umonakalo kwi-overcurrents ngengozi.
- Beka iidiode zokuvala kwi-antiparallel: Ukuthintela umonakalo we-polarity we-reverse kwisiphaluka.
Ukukhuselwa okubanzi kwe-SCR akuphuculi kuphela ukhuseleko lwenkqubo, kodwa kunciphisa iimfuno zokugcinwa kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhekeka okunokwenzeka.
Izinto ezilungileyo kunye nokungalunganga kwe-SCR xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abahlaziyi
Izilungisi ezilawulwa nge-silicon zinenani leenzuzo eziphambili:
- Ulawulo lwamandla oluchanekileyo: Ixesha kunye nobungakanani bamandla adluliselwe kumthwalo unokulungiswa ngokubangela.
- Baxhasa imisinga ephezulu kunye nombane: Efanelekileyo kwizicelo zamashishini kunye neenkqubo zokusetyenziswa okuphezulu.
- Ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka: Zizixhobo ezomeleleyo, ezinobomi obude obuluncedo ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo.
- uyilo oludibeneyo: Bathatha indawo encinci xa kuthelekiswa nezisombululo eziqhelekileyo ze-electromechanical.
Nangona kunjalo, bakwanazo nemida ethile:
- Ukuqhuba ngendlela enye: I-SCRs ivumela kuphela ukuba ikhoyo ihambe kwicala elinye, ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwezinye iitologi zesekethe.
- Ukuhla kwamandla ombane ngexesha lokuqhuba: Oku kubandakanya ilahleko yamandla, ngakumbi kumanqanaba aphezulu angoku.
- Amaxesha okuphendula: Azifanelekanga kwizicelo zefrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-400 Hz) njengoko ukulibaziseka kokuvula/ukucima kunokukhokelela ekungaphumeleliyo.
- Iindleko kunye nobukhulu kwizicelo ezifunwa kakhulu: Izixhobo ezinamandla amakhulu zinokuba zikhulu kwaye zibiza.
Ibhalansi idla ngokuthanda ii-SCRs xa kufikwa kwimizi-mveliso, amandla, okanye izicelo eziphezulu zamandla.
Impembelelo yobuninzi kunye nombane ekukhetheni i-SCR
La u buninzi yokutshintshana kwangoku kunye ixabiso lombane elisebenzayo bamisela imiba xa ukhetha i-SCR. Ukuba i-frequency iphezulu kakhulu, i ixesha elikhoyo lokuvula kunye nokuvalwa kuncitshisiwe, ukwandisa amathuba okungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu okongeziweyo. Ukongeza, ukuphakama kwamandla ombane asebenzayo, izixhobo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemisinga ephezulu ziyafuneka, kubalulekile ukukhetha i-SCR eneenkcukacha ezihambelana neemfuno zangempela zesekethe.
Kuyilo, kubalulekile kwakhona ukuqwalasela umthamo wezinto ezincedisayo, ezifana ne-transformers, i-capacitors, kunye neenkqubo zokucoca, ekufuneka zilinganiswe ukuze zisebenze ngokuhambelana ne-SCR phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezilindelekileyo.
Ziphi ii-SCRs ezisetyenziswayo kwaye yintoni imida yazo?
Los SCR Zikhona kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nezi:
- Izixhobo zombane kwizixhobo zombane.
- Ukulawulwa kweenjini zombane zokulawula isantya.
- Iinkqubo zokufudumeza kwamashishini kunye neziko zombane.
- Iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezicimayo.
- Izixhobo zokuwelda zamashishini kunye neengcali.
Nangona kunjalo, SCR Azifanelanga zonke izicelo. Umzekelo, azisebenzi kakuhle kwii-frequencies eziphezulu kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-400 Hz), zithwaxwa yilahleko yamandla ngenxa yokuhla kwamandla ombane, kwaye zisenokungabi namali kusetyenziso lwamandla aphantsi okanye olunesantya esiphezulu, apho ezinye ii-semiconductors ezifana Abaguquleli kunokuba kukhethwa.
Ukuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo kunye neentsapho ze-thyristor
Kwintsapho ye-thyristor, ngaphezu kwe-SCRs, sifumana amacandelo afana ne I-DIAC (etshintshanayo idiode yangoku), i I-Triac (alternating current triode), i Shockley diode (umaleko omane) kunye ne BENZE (i-transistor ye-unijunction ecwangcisiweyo). Ngamnye unezicelo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa i-SCR ivelele ngokukwazi kwayo ukuphatha amandla aphezulu kunye nokulawulwa kwesango layo, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokulungiswa okulawulwayo kunye nokulawulwa kwamandla kwiinkqubo zoshishino.
Umzekelo osebenzayo: SCR 2N6504
El 2N6504 Yenye yeemodeli eziqhelekileyo ze-SCR kwizicelo zamandla aphakathi kunye naphezulu. Esi sixhobo sixhasa amaxabiso aphezulu akhoyo kunye ne-voltage, kunye neshiti elichazayo libonisa ngokwesiqhelo:
- Ubuninzi bombane othe ngqo phakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-800 V.
- Ubuninzi bangoku bungaphezulu kwe-25 A.
- Ukunciphisa isango lokubangela okwangoku, ukuququzelela ulawulo kunye neempawu zamandla aphantsi.
Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwe 2N6504 Kukwiinkqubo zokulawula isantya kwiimotor jikelele, apho zisebenza ngamaxesha athile kumjikelo wangoku oguqukayo ukuze kulungiswe amandla anikeziweyo kunye nokulawula isantya kunye netorque.
Umlinganiselo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-SCR
Ukujonga ubume be-SCR, a multimeter kwimodi yediodeIi-terminals zichongiwe, uvavanyo lwenziwa phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode, kwaye i-pulse emfutshane kwisango isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuqhuba. Ukuba i-SCR iyaqhubeka iqhuba xa i-pulse isusiwe, i-SCR isesimweni esihle. Uvavanyo olunzulu ngakumbi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ulandele imiyalelo yomenzi kwaye ujonge iphepha ledatha.
Qonda nzulu ukusebenza kwe-a SCR kunye nokudityaniswa kwabo kwiinkqubo zangoku ze-elektroniki ngundoqo kwabo basebenza kumbane we-elektroniki kunye ne-industrial automation. Izixhobo ezifana ne 2N6504 Babonisa amandla kunye nokuguquguquka kwezi zixhobo, ezithi, xa zilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zikhuselwe, zibonelela ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo zokulawula amandla ombane kwizicelo zanamhlanje.