Ukujongwa kwempilo yezityalo kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwezityalo lutshintshiwe zizivamvo ze-chlorophyll kunye ne-spectral indices ezifana ne-NDVI. Izixhobo ezifana ne-AS7265x kunye ne-TCS34725 izinzwa azisekho kuphela kwiilabhoratri, kodwa zibe zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo zedijithali kunye nophando lwendalo. Ukuqonda ukuba zisebenza njani, zisetyenziselwa ntoni, kwaye zingena njani kuhlalutyo lwezalathisi zezityalo luluncedo kumafama, amagcisa, naye nabani na onomdla wokwandisa imveliso yezolimo kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo.
Kulo lonke eli nqaku, uya kufunda ngokweenkcukacha zonke iinkalo ezibalulekileyo neziphambili ze-AS7265x kunye ne-TCS34725 NDVI sensors, ukudityaniswa kwazo kunye nezalathisi eziphambili zezityalo, kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ukubeka iliso kwimpilo yezityalo, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokufumana ukuqonda okuphambili ekuthathweni kwezigqibo kulimo oluchanekileyo. Ukusuka kwitekhnoloji yangaphakathi yezi zinzwa ukuya kwisicelo sazo esisebenzayo, kubandakanya ukutolikwa kwezalathisi eziphambili zembonakalo kunye nokuphonononga okunokwenzeka okubonelelwa ngamaqonga okubeka iliso ale mihla, apha uya kufumana lonke ulwazi lwangoku nolufanelekileyo olubhalwe ngendlela efundisayo nebanzi.
Yintoni i-NDVI kwaye isetyenziselwa ntoni kwezolimo?
I-NDVI (I-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) yenye yezona mpawu zibalaseleyo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi iparameters kwezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo okukude. Isekelwe ekubanjeni nasekuhlalutyweni kokukhanya okubonakaliswa zizityalo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamaza, ngokukodwa kwi-infrared (NIR) ekufutshane kunye nebomvu ebonakalayo (RED).
Ngokwezibalo, i-NDVI ibalwa ngolu hlobo:
NDVI = (NIR – RED) / (NIR + RED)
Esi salathisi sichaza ngokucacileyo phakathi kweendawo ezinempilo, ezigxininisiweyo, okanye ezingenazo izityalo, njengoko izityalo ezinamandla zibonisa ngakumbi kwi-infrared ekufutshane kwaye ngaphantsi kwebomvu ebonakalayo. Isiphumo lixabiso eliyohluka phakathi kwe -1 kunye ne +1. Amaxabiso akufutshane ne-1 abonisa izityalo ezixineneyo, ezisempilweni, ngelixa ixabiso eliphantsi okanye elibi lihambelana neendawo ezinomhlaba ongenanto, amanzi, ikhephu, okanye akukho zityalo.
Kutheni ibaluleke kangaka kwezolimo? Kuba i-NDVI ilinganisa i-photosynthetically esebenzayo biomass, Iluncedo kakhulu ekubekeni iliso kuphuhliso nempilo yezityalo kulo lonke ixesha lokulima.Ivumela ukubonwa kwangaphambili kweendawo ezinoxinzelelo lwamanzi, izifo, ukunqongophala kwezondlo, okanye umonakalo wezinambuzane, ukuququzelela ukungenelela okusebenzayo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo.
Izalathisi zeSpectral: kude ngaphaya kwe-NDVI
I-NDVI sisiqalo nje soluhlu olude lwezalathisi ezisetyenziswayo kwizivamvo ezikude kwezolimo. Ngokudibanisa iibhanti ezahlukeneyo zespectrum ye-electromagnetic, ezi zikhombisi zibonelela ngolwazi olukhethekileyo malunga ne-agronomic, physiological, kunye ne-biochemical parameters yezityalo. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- I-GNDVI (Isalathiso soMhluko oLuhlaza oQinisekisiweyo wokuHlaza): Ithatha indawo yebhanti ebomvu kunye nebhanti eluhlaza ebonakalayo ukwandisa uvakalelo kwiinguqu kumxholo we-chlorophyll, luncedo ekulinganiseni amanqanaba e-nitrogen kumagqabi kunye nokuguga kwezityalo.
- I-NDRE (iSalathiso soMda oQhelekileyo oMda oBomvu): Isebenzisa ibhanti ebomvu yomda, enomdla kakhulu kumxholo we-chlorophyll kunye nemeko ye-physiological yezityalo ezivuthiweyo.
- I-MSAVI (iSalathiso sokuTyalwa okuLungisiweyo kuMhlaba): Inciphisa isiphumo somhlaba ongenanto, ibonelela ngofundo oluchanekileyo kumanqanaba okuqala okanye ngokugquma kwezityalo ezisezantsi.
- I-ReCl (I-Red Edge Chlorophyll Index): Yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukubonisa umxholo we-chlorophyll kwaye ibone ukusilela kwe-nitrogen okanye iingxaki zeqabunga "eziphuzi".
- I-SAVI/OSAVI (Izalathisi Zezityalo Ezilungelelanisiweyo Zomhlaba): Bazisa izinto ezilungisayo ezihlawulela ingxolo eveliswa ngokwahluka komhlaba, ukuphucula ukuthembeka kwimimandla enoxinano oluphantsi lwezityalo.
- VARI, LAI, NBR, SIPI, GCI, NDSI, NDWI... Uluhlu lubanzi, kwaye nganye idilesi imiba ethile efana nokufuma, ukuxinana kwamagqabi, ukubonwa komlilo, uxinzelelo lwe-physiological, ubukho bekhephu okanye amanzi, njl.
Ukutolikwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokukhethwa kwezalathisi ezifanelekileyo kuvumela ukubekwa kweliso okucokisekileyo kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zokulima ngokuchanekileyo., iququzelela yonke into ukusuka kwidosi yegalelo elilelona lifanelekileyo ukuya kuqikelelo lwesivuno.
Izinzwa zeChlorophyll kunye nendima yazo ekulinganiseni i-NDVI kunye nezalathisi ezinxulumeneyo
I-Chlorophyll sensors zizixhobo zamehlo ezenzelwe ukubamba kunye nokuhlalutya imitha ebonakaliswe okanye ikhutshwe zizityalo kwiibhanti ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrum ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukulinganisa umxholo we-chlorophyll, i-pigment ephambili kwi-photosynthesis, kunye nokubonelela ngedatha yobuninzi ukubala i-indices ezifana ne-NDVI, GNDVI, ReCl, phakathi kwabanye.
Ezi zivamvo zinokufakwa kumaqonga asemhlabeni, iidrone, iitrektara, izikhululo zemozulu okanye iisathelayithi, ezivumela ukujongwa kwexesha lokwenyani kunye ulawulo lwezityalo lwasekuhlaleni olusekwe kwidatha yenjongo.
Uluvo lwe-AS7265x: ISpectroscopy ekwiNgxaki yokuSebenza kweZolimo
Isivamvo se-AS7265x sisizukulwana esilandelayo se-multi-channel spectrometer esenza utshintsho kwindlela umgangatho wezityalo kunye nokwakheka okulinganiswa ngayo. Ndiyabulela ukukwazi ukuhlalutya ukuya kwii-18 iibhendi ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrum (ukusuka ekubonakaleni ukuya kufuphi ne-infrared), inika inzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kweenzwa zendabuko.
Iimpawu zayo eziphambili ziquka:
- Isisombululo esiphezulu se-spectral: Ivumela uphawu oluchane ngakumbi lokutyikitya okubonakalayo kwezityalo.
- Umlinganiselo othe ngqo weklorofili kunye nezinye iipigments: Ilungele ukumisela imeko yesondlo, umsebenzi we-photosynthetic kunye namanqanaba oxinzelelo lwe-physiological.
- Ukuphatheka kunye nokudibanisa okulula: Ubungakanani bayo obuncinci kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-I2C kwenza kube lula ukuyifaka kwizixhobo eziphathwayo, iidrones, kunye noomatshini bezolimo.
- Usetyenziso olwandisiweyo: Ukusuka ekubaleni izalathisi eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-NDVI okanye i-GNDVI ukuchonga izifo ezithile kunye nokukhubazeka usebenzisa uhlalutyo oluphambili lwe-spectral.
Olu hlobo lwenzwa lusetyenziswa kokubini kuphando nakwimisebenzi yobungcali yezolimo., ukubonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela elinceda ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokunkcenkceshela, ukuchumisa, ukuvuna, kunye nokulawula izinambuzane.
Uluvo lwe-TCS34725: Ukufunyanwa koMbala ochanekileyo kunye nezicelo zezityalo
I-TCS34725 yinzwa ye-optical ekhethekileyo ekuchongeni imibala ye-RGB (ebomvu, eluhlaza, eluhlaza, kunye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kunye nokukhanya kwendawo, kunye ne-IR edibeneyo yokuthintela isihluzi esiphucula ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhelekileyo kwizicelo ezifana nokulungiswa kokukhanya kwe-LED kunye nohlalutyo lombala kwi-industry kunye ne-electronics yabathengi, ubuntununtunu kunye nokuchaneka kwayo kuyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwezolimo kunye nophando lokusingqongileyo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zobugcisa ze-TCS34725:
- Isihluzi esidityanisiweyo sokuthintela i-IR: Ukuphelisa ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwe-infrared, ukwandisa ukuthembeka kombala kunye nokuchaneka ekufundeni i-spectrum ebonakalayo.
- Unxibelelwano lwe-I2C: Ivumela ukudityaniswa okulula kunye ne-microcontrollers kunye neenkqubo zedijithali.
- Uluhlu olubanzi oluguquguqukayo: Iyakwazi ukubona utshintsho oluncinci kukukhanya kokukhanya, inika ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo.
- 16-bit isisombululo: Iququzelela umlinganiselo ocacileyo wokuqina kombala kunye nokwakheka.
- Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kunye nobukhulu obubambeneyo: Efanelekileyo kwizixhobo ezizimeleyo okanye ezisebenza ngebhetri.
- Izibane ze-LED ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezimhlophe: Iqinisekisa ukufana ekukhanyeni nokuba kukho umahluko ekukhanyeni kwendawo.
Xa isetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ukufundwa kwayo kulinganiswe, i-TCS34725 inokunceda ukufumanisa utshintsho kwi-reflection yeqabunga, infer impilo yezityalo, kunye nokuxhasa ukubalwa kwee-indices ezilula. (ngokukodwa xa uthatha ulwazi kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo okanye ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezingabizi kwaye eziguquguqukayo ezifunekayo).
Ukusebenza okusisiseko kweenzwa zezityalo ze-optical kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo kwiiplatifti zedijithali
Izivamvo zezityalo ezibonayo, nokuba zisekwe kwispectroscopy ye-multiband njenge-AS7265x okanye ukuchongwa kombala njenge-TCS34725, zisebenza ngeefotodiode arrays eziguqula isehlo semitha ibe ziimpawu zombane. Le miqondiso ifakwe kwidijithali ngabaguquli be-ADC kwaye icutshungulwe ngabalawuli abancinci, ivumela ukufunyanwa kwamaxabiso abonakalisayo ezondla ukubalwa kwezalathi zezityalo ezahlukeneyo.
Unxibelelwano ngonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo olunje nge-I2C yenza kube lula ukudibanisa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo (ukusuka kwizikhululo zemozulu ukuya kwiidrones kunye nee-smartphones), okwenza ingqokelela enkulu kunye nezenzekelayo yedatha malunga nemeko yezityalo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezalathisi zezityalo kulimo lwedijithali
Ukuphunyezwa kweenzwa ze-NDVI kunye nezinye izalathisi zezityalo kwizisombululo zedijithali zibonise ukutsiba okusemgangathweni kwecandelo lezolimo. Phakathi kweenzuzo eziphambili zezi:
- Ukucuthwa kweendleko zokusebenza: Bavumela imiphezulu emikhulu ukuba ibekwe iliso ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nesantya esiphezulu kakhulu kunokuhlolwa komzimba wesintu.
- Ukufunyaniswa kwangethuba kunye nonyango lweengxaki: Izalathisi ze-Spectral zisivumela ukuba sibone iindawo zoxinzelelo, izifo, okanye ukusilela ngaphambi kokuba zibonakale ngeso lenyama.
- Ulungiselelo lwegalelo: Baququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwendawo yezichumisi, amanzi, okanye iimveliso ze-phytosanitary, ukuphucula inzuzo kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
- Ukujongwa komjikelo wezityalo: Vavanya ukukhula, khangela izinto ezingaqhelekanga kumanqanaba abalulekileyo, kwaye ucwangcise isivuno ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
- Ukuphuculwa kokwenziwa kwezigqibo: Idatha echanekileyo, yexesha langempela ixhasa izigqibo ezinolwazi ezilungiselelwe ukuguquguquka kwendawo nganye.
- Ukudityaniswa namaqonga ezolimo edijithali: Inkxaso ye-APIs kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwedatha yenza ukuba uhlalutyo oludibeneyo lwezikhombisi zezityalo, idatha yemozulu, i-sensors yomhlaba, kunye neminye imithombo, ukudala iimodeli eziphambili zokuqikelela.
Ukutolikwa kwezalathi zezityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa nganye nganye
Ayizizo zonke izalathisi zezityalo eziphendula ngokulinganayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zezityalo. Kubalulekile ukukhetha isalathiso esifanelekileyo ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lephenological, uhlobo lwesityalo, kunye nenjongo yohlalutyo:
- NDVI: Ifanelekile ukubeka iliso ngokubanzi ngexesha lokukhula okusebenzayo. Akukhuthazwa kumanqanaba okuqala okanye emva kokuvuna, xa kukho indawo encinci yokugubungela izityalo.
- I-ReCl kunye ne-GNDVI: Iluncedo kakhulu ngexesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo, xa umxholo we-chlorophyll kunye nenitrogen ubalulekile ekusebenzeni.
- PHAWULA: Ilungele izityalo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu okanye ezinoxinene olukhulu lwamagqabi, kunye nolawulo lokuvuthwa.
- I-MSAVI kunye ne-SAVI: Ziye zisetyenziswe ngokukodwa kwizigaba zokuqala okanye kwimihlaba enezityalo eziphantsi, njengoko zinciphisa ingxolo evela ngasemva.
- NDWI: Ijolise ekuboneni ukufuma, izikhukhula, okanye iindawo zokunkcenkceshela, ziluncedo kwiindawo ezinezityalo eziphantsi kweenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela.
- I-NBR kunye ne-SIPI: I-NBR ivumela ukuchongwa kweendawo ezichatshazelwe ngumlilo; I-SIPI inceda ekuboneni uxinzelelo lomzimba kunye nezifo ze-foliar.
Usetyenziso olufakiweyo lwe-TCS34725 kunye ne-AS7265x sensors kwiinkqubo zezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
I-TCS34725 iyagqwesa kwizicelo apho umbala kunye nolwazi lokukhanya kwendawo lufanelekile. Umzekelo, ingasetyenziselwa uku:
- Ukulawulwa komgangatho obonakalayo kwiinkqubo zokutya kwezolimo.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kombala wamagqabi, iziqhamo okanye iintyatyambo kwizinto zezityalo.
- Ukubekw'esweni okungathanga ngqo kweeparamitha zokusingqongileyo ngokukhanya okubonakalisiweyo.
Ngenxalenye yalo, i Inzwa ye-AS7265x kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo zisetyenziswa kwi:
- Izifundo zoxinzelelo lwamanzi, ukunqongophala kwezondlo kunye nomsebenzi we-photosynthetic ngomlinganiselo othe ngqo wokubonakaliswa kwiibhanti ezininzi.
- Ukuphuhliswa kwemizekelo eqikelelweyo yesivuno nomgangatho.
- Ukubonakaliswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufumanisa izifo eziqalayo enkosi kwisakhono sokucalula phakathi kombala othile kunye neekhompawundi ze-biochemical ezikhoyo kwisityalo.
- Ukudityaniswa kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo (idrones, iirobhothi, izikhululo zentsimi) ukubeka iliso olubanzi kunye nohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani.
Izibonelelo zobuchwephesha be-TCS34725 kunye nokuthelekiswa kwayo nezinye izinzwa
Xa uhlalutya i Izinto eziluncedo ze-TCS34725 ngaphezu komnye umbala kunye nezinzwa zokukhanya ezijikeleze, imiba emininzi igqamile:
- Isihluzi esidityanisiweyo se-IR: Ukuphucula ukuchaneka kokufunda kwiindawo ezinokuphazamiseka kokukhanya okuphezulu.
- Isisombululo esiphezulu kunye nokufumana ulawulo: Ikuvumela ukuba uhlengahlengise ubuntununtunu ngokweemfuno zesicelo ngasinye.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Ilungele iinkqubo eziphathwayo okanye ezizimeleyo.
- Ukuhambelana nobuchwepheshe obuqhelekileyo: I-interface yayo ye-I2C kunye namaxwebhu akhoyo akwenza kube lula ukudibanisa kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki kunye namaqonga ophuhliso afana neRaspberry Pi, Arduino kunye nezinye ezifanayo.
Xa kufuneka umlinganiselo wemitha ngaphandle kwendawo ebonakalayo (umzekelo, kufutshane ne-infrared okanye iibhendi ezithile ze-NDVI), i-multi-band Optical sensors ezifana iidrones zokuthintela ukutsha kwehlathi, ekuvumela ukuba usebenze ngokuthe ngqo kunye namajelo afunekayo kwi-indices ye-spectral ephezulu.
Indlela yokutolika idatha yoluvo kunye nokuyisebenzisa kulawulo lwezolimo
Utoliko oluchanekileyo lwedatha eqokelelweyo ibalulekile ukusebenzisa amandla ezi luvo:
- Amaxabiso e-NDVI aphantsi (< 0,2): Umhlaba ongenanto, amanzi okanye uhlaza olunqabileyo.
- Amaxabiso aphakathi (0,2 - 0,5): Utyani ekuphuhlisweni, kunye noxinzelelo oluphakathi olunokwenzeka.
- Amaxabiso aphezulu (> 0,5): Uhlaza oluxineneyo nolusempilweni, umsebenzi ophezulu wephotosynthetic.
Ngokwenza oko, Amaqonga edijithali anamhlanje avumela ukujongwa kweemephu zesalathiso se-NDVI kunye nezinye iiparamitha ngendlela ye-georeferenced., ukuququzelela ukuchongwa kwemimandla eyingxaki yongenelelo olukhethiweyo kunye nokubeka iliso kwimbali yezityalo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kunye neenzuzo zamaqonga edijithali kunye nohlalutyo lwesalathisi sezityalo
Ukunyuka kwamaqonga anje nge-EOSDA Crop Monitoring kunye namaqonga afanayo anedemokhrasi yokufikelela kwi-remote sensing yezolimo:
- Banikezela ngofikelelo olusembindini kwii-indices ezininzi (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE, MSAVI, njl.) kunye neenkcukacha zemozulu, ukufuma komhlaba kunye namanye amagalelo abalulekileyo.
- Bavumela ukudityaniswa kwedatha eqokelelwe zinzwa ezikude, izitishi zentsimi kunye neesathelayithi.
- Banikezela ngee-APIs kubaphuhlisi kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe kwiimfuno ezithile zefama okanye iprojekthi nganye.
- Baphucula amava omsebenzisi kunye nesantya sokwenza izigqibo ngokubonisa ulwazi ngendlela ecacileyo kunye ne-georeferenced.
