Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba amacandelo e-elektroniki avumela izixhobo ezinesantya esiphezulu ukuba zenze imisebenzi kwii-milliseconds? Impendulo inokulala kwenye yezona zinto zingaqhelekanga kwaye zinomdla kwizinto zombane zanamhlanje: i itonela diode, ekwabizwa ngokuba Esaki diodeEsi sixhobo, nangona singaqhelekanga kwi-electronics eqhelekileyo, sineempawu ezizodwa ezinika indima ephambili kwi-high-frequency kunye ne-high-speed applications.
Kweli nqaku, siza kugocagoca kwihlabathi letonela yeediode, imvelaphi yazo, ukusebenza kwazo kobuninzi, izixhobo ezenziwe ngazo, iimpawu zazo zombane ezahlukileyo, izinto eziluncedo kunye nezithintelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangoku. Siza kuphinda sijonge iimodeli ezithile ezifana ne 1N3716 okanye 1N3755Zilungiselele ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni eli candelo lincinci liguqule ishishini kwaye, ngaphandle kwemida yalo, lihlala libalulekile kubuchwepheshe obuphambili.
Yintoni itonela okanye i-Esaki diode?
El itonela diode, ekwabizwayo Esaki diode ethiywe ngomqambi wayo uLeo Esaki, owawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-1973, luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwesemiconductor diode ephawulwa ngokuba yinxalenye yayo. indawo yokuhlangana ye-PN ene-doped kakhulu kwaye imxinwa. Le doping ibukhali ivumela into quantum mechanical eyaziwa ngokuba isiphumo setonela, apho abathwali bentlawulo bawela umqobo onokubakho naxa, ngokwemithetho yamandulo, abafanele bakwenze oko.
Xa kuthelekiswa neempawu eziqhelekileyo zesignali diode, apho i-PN junction ine-concentration yokungcola ephantsi kakhulu (malunga ne-1 inxalenye ye-108), itonela diode ithatha doping ukuya kumanqanaba agqithisileyo, malunga Inxalenye e-1 kwi-103. Oku kuvelisa a indawo emxinwa kakhulu yokuphelelwa okanye ubuhlwempu, engundoqo ukuze isiphumo setonela sibonakale.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuSebenza: Isiphumo se-quantum tunneling
Ukusebenza kwe itonela diode Isekelwe kubuchwephesha be-quantum, apho kukho amathuba okuba ii-electron, nangona zingenawo amandla aneleyo okuwela umqobo onokuthi ugqitywe ukusuka kwinqanaba le-classical view, unokudlula kuyo ngokungathi "i-tunneling" ngayo. ukuba nokwenzeka kwetonela kwandisa umqobo ophantsi, ophunyezwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-dopants kwi-PN junction ye-diode.
Ngokwezibalo, ukubakho kweP yesuntswana eliwela umqobo kuxhomekeke ngokubonakalayo kuzo zombini umqobo wamandla (Eb) njengaye banzi (W):
P α exp(-A × Eb × W)
Apho u-A ehlala ehambelana neempawu zemathiriyeli. Isitshixo kukuba, kwi-tunnel diode, esi sithintelo sincinci kangangokuba amandla angaphantsi kune-theory anele ukuba ii-electron ziwele.
Ukwakhiwa kunye nezixhobo: Ngaphandle kwe-silicon
Ngokungafaniyo ne-silicon diode eqhelekileyo, itonela diode Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwa kunye igermanium, gallium arsenide o i-gallium antimonideIsizathu sokungasebenzisi i-silicon kukuba izinto ezikhankanywe ngasentla zivumela umlinganiselo ongcono phakathi kobuninzi bangoku (i-peak current) kunye ne-minimini yangoku (i-valley current), eyimfuneko kwizicelo eziphathekayo zecandelo. I-junction ye-PN eqhelekileyo inommandla wokunciphisa ubukhulu obukhulu; kwitonela diode, lo mmandla ufikelela kwi-100 umxinwa ngokuphindwe, malunga neenanometer ezili-10.
La ukuxinana okuphezulu kobumdaka kumacala omabini esiphambuka se-PN kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwabathwali bentlawulo (ii-electron kunye nemingxunya) zikhona ngobuninzi obukhulu, zikhetha isiphumo sokuthungatha nakwiyantlukwano encinci kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, iba sisixhobo esibuthathaka kakhulu, esilungele ukutshintshwa okukhawulezileyo.
Iimpawu zombane: Ukuchasana okungalunganga kunye ne-VI curves
Enye ye eyona nto ibalaseleyo yetonela diode kukuba ibonisa ukuxhathisa okungalunganga kwinxenye ye-voltage-current (VI) ijika leempawu. Oku kuthetha ukuba, njengoko i-voltage yangaphambili inyuka, i-current yokuqala inyuka ngokukhawuleza ide ifike kwindawo ephezulu (i-peak point), kodwa ke, ukuba i-voltage iyanda ngakumbi, i-current iyancipha ibe yincinci (indawo yentlambo), kwaye iphinda inyuke kwakhona njenge-diode eqhelekileyo.
Lo mcimbi, i indawo yokuchasa engalunganga, isiseko sezicelo ezininzi ze-tunnel diode, ezifana nokuveliswa kwee-oscillations eziphezulu. Igophe lophawu lingashwankathelwa kula manqaku alandelayo:
- Indawo yokuqala yokuqhuba: ukonyuka kwangoku ngokunyuka kombane othe ngqo.
- Incopho yokuphakama: ubuninzi bangoku (Ip) kunye nombane ohambelanayo (Vp).
- Indawo yokumelana neNegative: yangoku iyancipha nokuba i-voltage iyanda, ide ifike kwindawo yentlambo.
- Indawo yentlambo: ubuncinci bangoku (Iv) kunye nombane wentlambo (Vv).
- Ukusuka apha ukuya phambili, ukuziphatha kufana ne-diode eqhelekileyo.
Ngokuchasene necala, i itonela diode Ikwanayo ne-conductivity ebalulekileyo, ngenxa yesiphumo setonela, evumela ukuba umva ophezulu ujikeleze ngoku nakwimibhobho yombane ephantsi.
Isimboli sombane kunye nesekethe elinganayo
El ukufuzisela Ukumelwa kwetonela diode kwischematics zombane kunokwahluka kancinane, kodwa ngokusisiseko kubonisa isiphambuka se-PN esinemilo eyahlukileyo ukuphawula ukuziphatha kwayo okukhethekileyo. I-anode (P) kunye ne-cathode (N) zihluke ngokucacileyo.
Ku uhlalutyo lwesekethe, kusetyenziswa imodeli elinganayo yomqondiso omncinci equka:
- Omnye ukuxhathisa okungalunganga (-Ro) ezinxulumene nommandla wokuchasana ongalunganga.
- Omnye uthotho lwe-inductance (Ls) ngaphaya kweetheminali zediode.
- Omnye indawo yokuhlangana (C).
Oku kudityaniswa kwezinto kubonisa ukuziphatha kwe-tunnel diode kwizicelo eziphezulu ze-frequency kwaye kubalulekile ukuqikelela impendulo yayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kweediode zetonela
Ngenxa yakhe amandla angaqhelekanga okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza imo yokuqhuba komntu, itonela idiode iboniswe ngokukodwa:
- I-Microwave kunye ne-oscillators ephezulu: Basebenzisa indawo yokumelana ne-negative zone ukudala kunye nokugcina i-oscillations yombane ezinzileyo, ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-telecommunications, i-radars kunye neenkqubo ezingenazintambo.
- Izandisi zokucinga: isetyenziswe kuqwalaselo apho ulwandiso lufuneka kwii-frequencies apho ii-transistors eziqhelekileyo zingasebenzi kakuhle.
- Ukutshintsha kwesantya esiphezulu: enkosi kutshintsho lwayo oluphantse lube kwangoko phakathi kweemeko zokuqhuba kunye nezingaqhubi.
- Iziguquli rhoqo: Ukukwazi kwayo ukusebenza kuzo zombini phambili kunye ne-reverse bias ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubaxube beempawu.
- Iinkumbulo ezinengqiqo kwiisekethe zedijithali: ukuzinza kwayo kwindawo yokuchasana engalunganga isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwesikhashana kolwazi.
Nangona banikezela ngezibonelelo zokuphindaphinda okuphezulu, ayikulungelanga ukulungiswa okuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuvuza okubalulekileyo okubuyela umva, okunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungonakali kwe-tunnel diode
El itonela diode Ineempawu ezizodwa, kunye neenzuzo kunye nokungonakali okufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Phakathi kweenzuzo zayo, a isantya sokusebenza esikhawulezayo y ingxolo ephantsiNangona kunjalo, ikwanayo nemida, efana ne-a amandla asezantsi aphezulu kunye nezithintelo kumbane osebenzayo.
- Inzuzo:
- Isantya esiphezulu sokusebenza, ilungele ukutshintshwa kunye nokuveliswa komqondiso kwiibhendi ze-microwave.
- Iindleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa kunye nokulula okwakhayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo eziphezulu zefrikhwensi.
- Inqanaba lengxolo ephantsi ngexesha lokusebenza.
- Ukunganyangeki kakuhle kokusingqongileyo kunye nobomi benkonzo ende enkosi kulwakhiwo oluqinileyo.
- Iingxaki:
- Amandla aphezulu asezantsi, okwenza ukuba ingafaneleki kwizicelo zamandla amakhulu.
- Iziphumo zombane omncinci kunye nokuguquguquka kumqondiso wemveliso.
- Akukho kwahlulwa phakathi kwegalelo kunye nemveliso ukuba sisixhobo sesiphelo sesibini.
- Ubunzima kwimveliso enkulu kunye nezithintelo kwezinye izicelo eziqhelekileyo.
Iimodeli kunye nemizekelo: I-tunnel diodes 1N3716 kunye ne-1N3755
Phakathi kweemodeli zembali kunye nezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu itonela diode ivelele 1N3716 y 1N3755, idumile kwiilebhu ze-microwave, izikhululo zonxibelelwano, kunye noyilo lweprototype. Zombini zibonakaliswe ngokuvumela ii-frequencies eziphezulu kakhulu zokusebenza kunye nokuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwimimandla echaseneyo. Ulwazi lweentlobo ezithile ezifana ne-Schottky diode inokuncedisana nokuqonda kwezi zixhobo kwiimeko ezithile.
El 1N3716 Ibonisa ijiko eliqhelekileyo letonela le-diode, kunye nombane ophantsi kakhulu kunye nesantya sokuphendula esisiso sosetyenziso lwe-microwave kunye nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i 1N3755 Inika ingcaciso efanayo kodwa iyahluka kwiinkcukacha ezifana nombane osebenzayo kunye noluhlu lwangoku, ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhlengahlengiso oluthile lwe-high-frequency electronics configurations.
Ukuthelekisa nezinye iintlobo zediode
Ihlabathi leediode linoluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-signal diodes, i-Zener diodes, i-Schottky diodes okanye i-rectifier diodes. itonela diode Yahlulwe ikakhulu ngokuthi:
- Ayiloncedo ekulungiseni ngenxa yokuvuza okuphezulu kwe-reverse bias yangoku.
- Ukwazi ukutshintsha imeko ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuneSchottky okanye ezinye iidiode zesantya esiphezulu.
- Bonisa ummandla we kuphawulwe kakhulu ukuxhathisa okungalunganga (azikho kwezinye iidiode eziqhelekileyo).
- Ukufuna izinto ezithile kunye ne-doping ngokusebenza kwayo ngokugqibeleleyo, ngokungafaniyo nesilicon ye diode eqhelekileyo.
Ezi mpawu zenza i-tunnel diode ekhethekileyo kwii-niches apho ezinye izixhobo azikwazi ukukhuphisana, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-electronics yabathengi kulinganiselwe.
Umsebenzi oneenkcukacha: Izigaba zomjikelo VI
Ukuze uqonde indlela yokuziphatha kwayo, kubalulekile ukuhlalutya isigaba ngasinye segophe lophawu lwaso:
- Ngokusebenzisa umbane omncinci othe ngqo, abathwali bentlawulo badlula kwi-junction ngokubonga kwi-tunnel effect, bavelise i-current ephantsi.
- Ngokunyuka koxinzelelo, i-valence kunye ne-conduction bands idibanisa, ibangela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwangoku kuze kufike kwindawo ephakamileyo.
- Emva kwencopho, ukungahambi kakuhle kweebhanti kunciphisa i-tunneling, ukunciphisa i-current to the valley point.
- Njengoko iingxwabangxwaba ziqhubeka zikhula, ukuziphatha kufana nokudibanisa okuqhelekileyo, kwaye i-current iphakama kwakhona.
- Ngaphantsi kwe-bias eguqukayo, isiphumo setonela sisavumela umsinga obalulekileyo, nangona amandla ombane aphezulu abuyela umva ahlala ephantsi.
Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kunye nemida yokusebenza
El itonela diode inokumelana nombane othe ngqo othe ngqo, kunye nezinye iimodeli ezifikelela kwi-500 V, kodwa yayo Amandla ombane aphezulu abuyela umva (PIV) Ngokuqhelekileyo iphantsi, malunga ne-40 V kwimizekelo eqhelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukugcina lo mda engqondweni ukuphepha umonakalo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi incopho yangoku kunye intlambo yangoku Iparameter ephambili yokukhetha imodeli efanelekileyo, ngakumbi kwi-oscillator kunye nezicelo ze-amplifier apho ukuzinza kunye ne-amplitude yesignali ifunekayo kwindawo yokuchasana kakubi.
Iimeko zemihla ngemihla apho kusetyenziswa i-tunnel diode
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwabo okuthintelweyo, itonela diode zibekwe kwi:
- Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zeMicrowave.
- Iimitha ezihamba rhoqo.
- Imithombo yemiqondiso kwiilabhoratri zefiziksi ye-elektroniki.
- Iinkqubo zeRadar ezifuna iimpendulo ze-nanosecond.
Ngaphandle kokungeniswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezixhobo, isantya kunye nokuthembeka kwazo kuzigcina zifanelekile kwiinkalo ezithile ezikhethekileyo.
